法语外来词对学习和使用英语有何意义??

想找关于这个问题的 一些英文资料,希望各位大神能够帮忙啦!

 自周武王姬发伐纣,一举创建了周王朝,到秦灭周,前后维持了近八百年,是我国历史上最为绵长的王朝。期间,先有周文王的《周易》,奠定了中华文化的哲学根基,开创了中华文化化蛹为蝶的辉煌先端,后有春秋战国的诸子百家流派纷呈,一大群世界级的思想家灿若星河,成就了中华民族傲视天下的华夏文明,即使到了今天,我们在国外还是开办孔子学院而不是朱熹学院司马迁学院,美国人攻打伊拉克,给他们的士
兵们发放《孙子兵法》而不是西点兵法、巴顿兵法,被历代一直奉为大成至圣先师的孔老夫子,如醉如痴,终生为之奔走呼号:“郁郁乎文哉,吾从周!”

Cuts down Chou from King Wu of Zhou Jifa, founded the week dynasty atone fell swoop, to Qin Miezhou, around has maintained the nearly for800 years, is in our country history the most prolonged dynasty.Period, first has the week 文王 "the Book of Change", hasestablished the Chinese culture philosophy foundation, founded theChinese culture pupation to be magnificent for the butterfly 先端,latter had the Spring and Autumn Period Warring States the alls of thevarious schools of thought school numerously to assume, a big crowd ofworld-class thinker Can if the galaxy, the achievement Chinese nationhas shown disdain for the world the China civilization, even ifarrived today, we in overseas or set up the Kong Zi institute but arenot Zhu Xi the institute Sima Qian institute, the American attackIraq, for theirs gentleman The soldiers provide "Sun Zi Bingfa" but are not thewestern-style pastry military tactics, the Barton military tactics, iscontinuously presented by all previous dynasties for accomplishes thehighest sage my deceased teacher Master Confucius and Laozi, deluded,life-long runs around calling for help for it: "Elegant article ah, Ifrom week!" "Rejects hundred since Martial emperor of Han dynasty, alone reveresthe Confucianist method" (certainly, also some people said is"insufficiently damps yellow old, advocation Confucianism", but nomatter what, some point is common, that is Confucianist's viewpoint,after has become mainstream), is living the time anxiety of poverty isdisappointed is frequently surrounded by the common people fills innot the full belly moreover the venerable teacher which is expelled byown country home use all sorts of dirty tricks the entrance to acountry to be more and more red, continuously rises steadily from ateacher, finally became has frightened "accomplishes the highest sagemy deceased teacher", solid humanities idol. The nature, MasterConfucius and Laozi the most ideal civilized society's model, rule byritual the world, the week dynasty which Mr. Mr., the feudal officialfeudal official, the father father, sub- sub- everybody each one "themutual nonaggression", mutually does not overstep, became hasrespectively faced each generation of 君主 minister the gentlemanfarmers (including Chinese Tang emperor subject) the unremittingpursue goal and cuts Huang which unceasingly, the principle alsorandomly wished for earnestly the Liang fond dream. Also so, we shouldname with the week race but are not the Han Nationality, the foreignershould be called Zhou Renjie but are not the Chinatown, I do notconsider resources bite off more than can chew, wants from Mr.Germany's stratification plane, to talk nonsense several, asks foradvice to the person of high skill. First looks at the following contrast: Dominant time: Week: 1046 - 256B.C., 780 years; Chinese: 206 B.C. - A.D. 226 years, 446 years; Tang:A.D. 618 years - A.D. 907 years, 285 years. In other words, theChinese Tang two dynasties add together, but also does not have theChou Dynasty time to be long. Again looked founds a country the king fathers' and sons' individualidentity: Week: Ji Chang: West the primary marquis, business facesmale three one, "Shihchi & #8226; Yin Benji third ": "West of theuncle, nine marquises, the Hubei marquis are three male"; Theprofessional female entertainer sends, the children of high-rankingofficials, after meet Ji Chang the class to call the king, after 11years cut down Chou (this time to call self crown prince). Chinese:Liu great-grandfather: Farmer; Liu Bang: "Township leader". Tang: LiYuan, Tang male, guards Taiyuan; Li Shimin: The children ofhigh-ranking officials, after killed official successor crown princeLi to complete force emperor to turn overlord to sit the dragon chair.In six people, only has Ji Chang is a thinker, the alls of the variousschools of thought and various schools of thought thought, also all is"the Book of Change" in wholesales the processing deepening from himto grow comes. Three dynasties endings all not how: Week: Warring States greatly chaotic, the independent warlords strivefor hegemony, whose fist is hard, the royal court acknowledges anyone,if three minute Jin, the week emperor afterwards acknowledgedpositions of the three feudal lords, are surnamed Tian to expel themonarch oneself do, the royal court also has to acknowledge, how manygeneration of uneven countries monarchs let Tian do quite - to saysentence 题外话, the ginger old great-grandfather that dozen godwhip also was the sacrificial type silver spear head, you did not dareto hit the emperor, but also did not dare to hit the disloyal subject?How looks others tidy up own descendant? Chinese: The empress dowager old lady and young emperor collaboratesto set up 官印 the batch of zero company, business good - also has题外话, sells official posts and titles the real men, withdifficulty had also surmounted the ancient to the new century, why notdoes the study predecessor, open a facade, 官爵 with honest pricetag displayed? Must know that, the liquor fragrance did not fear thelane deep nonsense has been all obsolete, really fine arrives the highprice, that study guy dynasty! Tang: Division of the country among warlords, who has beenunsatisfied to emperor, all may dispatch troops to siege nationalcapital Chang An, publicly speaks the last words of a spoken partrhythmically under, emperor the old gentlemen all want to bear theblame the imperial edict, grovels, apologizes the apology, raised fivegeneration of ten country - to say sentence 题外话 again: Spendsfreely the popular sentiment abstention! Since the week emperor's start is higher than the Chinese Tang emperorby far, 文治 Wugong also far above Chinese Tang, merely is becausearrived time Chinese Tang the human civilization is more developed,the various countries' exchange more widespread only then caused us tobecome the Han Nationality, the Chinese? Please have a look the weekemperor 德行 to draw the conclusion again: The first article had said, Ji Chang is west the primary marquis,discusses the dynasty three male one, what but do this big talentedpeople all do? "Shihchi & #8226; Zhou Benji ": "West the unclecloudyly does good deeds", this meant, he does good deeds secretly,does the good deed. Here has to cite "cloudyly does good deeds" theexample to explain that, Qi Guoda bureaucrat Tian (regulations areChen Xing, Tian), secretly changes national the measuring unit, with大斗 lends money the grain to outside, with slightly fights takesin, they used such means buy popular sentiment, the country to losethe popular sentiment, the peasant family have become Savior, somepeople asked the feast: "Uneven it how?" The feast replies: "This JiShiye, I do not know, Qi Qiwei Chen! (Yan Zi is called others Chen inhere but unequal Tian, is despite meaning)"the meaning understood verymuch, now is end the world, I do not have the means to ravel, QiGuoyao became them to be surnamed Chen's uneven country. In otherwords, this kind "cloudyly does good deeds" said to the country to theroyal family that, is a plot. King Tian quite several generation of QiGuo, is "cloudyly does good deeds" from this, from this 大斗,slightly fights starts. The professional female entertainer prosperousbuys the hearts of the people thought may contend with after the ShangDynasty dynasty, called the king "Shihchi & #8226; Weekaristocratic family fourth ": "The feudal lord heard it said: ' Westthe primary lid is ordered to the year ', "" the lid is ordered to theyear name king... ... The latter ten years collapse." But "the lid is ordered to" the reason listens to let the personextremely laughably: Some two countries, had the prison to disputeoneself could not solve, requested Ji Changzhi to incur in once, twoarrived west 岐 west, saw 岐 to govern very much well, greatlydomestically grown did not struggle the border, mutually modestlydeclined, thereupon ashamed returned, said: We struggle requestedtakes, is precisely west others 岐 looks down upon, what honor do wehave to see others professional female entertainer prosperously?Thereupon, the world feudal lord all indicated that, "West the primarymarquis is shouldering the destiny person!" Thereupon, Ji Changjiucalled the king! Please look at professional female entertainer prosperous finallyseveral year crazy: "Is ordered to the year from the lid",professional female entertainer prosperous "next year, cuts downQuanrong. Next year, will cut down densely must. Next year, willdefeat & #8226; (ZHI, three) country... ... Next year, will cutdown □□ the country. Next year, will cut down honors Hou Huer tomake abundant Yi. Next year, from 岐 under will move abundantly all.Next year, west the uncle will collapse. The crown prince sendsstands, is King Wu." At the same time goes to war, at the same timebuilds the capital, does one's best, after dies but already, in undermore looked more likes not to attend to the tyrant living stationwhich the common people hard work engages in wanton militaryactivities in the front. How also thought did not understand, that JiChangyan "Is easy" □h in, heard the present unexpectedly is hanging"the world first loyal minister" the sign - loyal minister that isgood? Why didn't emphasize others the unprecedented non- futurecontribution let him after the culture when originally does notmoisten the above loyal minister? The prince ratio does is a loyalminister.

自从汉武帝“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”(当然,也有人说是 “绌抑黄老,崇尚儒学”,但不管怎么说,有一点是共同的,那就是儒家的观点,成了主流)后,活着的时候穷愁潦倒常常被老百姓包围起来填不饱肚子而且被自己的国家用种种卑劣手段赶出国门的老夫子越来越红,从一个教书匠一直节节上升,最后成了吓人的“大成至圣先师”,实实在在的人文偶像。自然,孔老夫子最理想的文明社会的典范,以礼治天下,君君、臣臣、父父、子子大家各自“互不侵犯”、互不逾越的周王朝,就成了各朝各代君主大臣士农工商们(包括汉唐天子臣民在内)不懈的追求目标和斩不断、理还乱求之不得的黄粱美梦。既如此,我们该用周族来命名而不是汉族,外国人该叫周人街而不是唐人街呀,鄙人自不量力,想从君德的层面,来胡说八道几句,就教于高人。

先看如下对比:统治时间:周:公元前1046年——公元前256年,780年;汉:公元前206年——公元226年,446年;唐:公元618年——公元907年,285年。也就是说,汉唐两朝相加,还没有周朝时间长。

再看开国君王父子的个人身分:周:姬昌:西伯侯,商朝三公之一,《史记•殷本纪第三》:“以西伯、九侯、鄂侯为三公”;姬发,高干子弟,接姬昌的班后称王,十一年后伐纣(此时又自称太子)。汉:刘太公:农民;刘邦:“乡领导”。唐:李渊,唐公,镇守太原;李世民:高干子弟,杀了正式接班人太子李建成后逼迫皇帝变成太上皇自己坐龙椅。六人中,只有姬昌是个思想家,诸子百家和各学派的思想,也都是从他的《周易》里批发加工深化衍生而来的。

三个王朝的结尾都不怎么样:

周:战国大乱,群雄争霸,谁的拳头硬,王室就承认谁,如三家分晋,周天子后来就承认三家的诸侯之位,姓田的把国君赶跑自己干,王室也只好承认,让田氏干了好几代齐国国君——说句题外话,姜老太公那打神鞭也是腊样银枪头,你不敢打皇上,还不敢打奸臣吗?怎么看着人家收拾自己的后代?

汉:皇太后老太婆和小皇帝联手开办官印批零公司,生意兴隆——也有题外话,卖官鬻爵的好汉们,到了新世纪还难以超越古人,何不学学前人,开个门面,把官爵明码标价?要知道,酒香不怕巷子深的鬼话都过时了,真要得到高价,那得学大汉朝!

唐:军阀割据,谁对皇帝不满意了,都可以发兵围困京城长安,公开叫板,皇帝老爷子都要下罪己诏,点头哈腰,赔礼道歉,养出了个五代十国——再说句题外话:挥霍民心者戒!

既然周天子的起步远远高于汉唐天子,文治武功也远在汉唐之上,仅仅是因为到了汉唐时人类文明更发达,各国交流更广泛才使得我们成了汉族、唐人吗?请看看周天子的德行再下结论:

前文说过,姬昌是西伯侯,商王朝三公之一,可这个大贤人都干些什么呢?《史记•周本纪》:“西伯阴行善”,这就是说,他暗地里行善,办好事。这里只好举一个“阴行善”的例子来说明:齐国大官僚田氏(实则是陈姓、田氏),私自改变国家的计量单位,用大斗向外借贷粮食,用小斗收进来,他们用这样的办法收买民心,国家丢了民心,田家成了救世主,有人问宴子:“齐其如何?”宴子答道:“此季世也,吾勿知,齐其为陈氏矣!(晏子在这里叫人家陈氏而不称田氏,是轻蔑之意)”意思很明白,现在是末世,我没有办法弄明白,齐国要成为他们姓陈的齐国了。也就是说,这种“阴行善”对国家对王族来说,是阴谋。田氏好几代的齐国国王,就是从这“阴行善”、从这大斗出、小斗进开始的。姬昌收买人心觉得可以跟殷商王朝抗衡后,就称王了.《史记•周世家第四》:“诸侯闻之曰:‘西伯盖受命之年’,”“盖受命之年称王……后十年而崩。”

而“盖受命”的理由听来让人十分可笑:有两个国家,发生了狱讼自己解决不了,一齐来要求姬昌支招,两家到了西岐,看见西岐治理得很好,大家种地不争地边儿,互相谦让,于是羞惭而回,说:咱们争相求取的,正是人家西岐看不起的,咱们有什么脸面去见人家姬昌?于是,天下的诸侯就都表示:“西伯侯是个肩负着天命的人!”于是,姬昌就称王了!

请看姬昌最后几年的疯狂:“从盖受命之年”起,姬昌“明年,伐犬戎。明年,伐密须。明年,败•(ZHI,三声)国……明年,伐邘国。明年,伐崇侯虎而作丰邑。明年,自岐下而迁丰都。明年,西伯崩。太子发立,是为武王。”一边打仗,一边营建首都,鞠躬尽瘁,死而后已,在下越看越像一个不顾百姓死活而穷兵黩武的暴君活生生站在面前。怎么也想不明白,那个姬昌演《易》的羑里,听说现在居然挂着“天下第一忠臣”的牌子——忠臣就那么好?为什么不强调人家在文化上前无古人后无来者的贡献而让他当本来沾不上边的忠臣?王子比干才是忠臣。
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第1个回答  2007-05-08
英语在发展过程中广泛地向世界上许多语言直接或间接地借用了大量外来词,其中来自法语的词语约占英语词汇的26.4%.大多数的法语外来词在英语中失去了原有的拼写,但仍然保留着法语中的拼写,下面是一些常见的源于法语的字母组合。
1.法语字母组合eau,借入到英语中仍然保留其拼写,如:bureau(办公室),plateau(高原), tableau(场面), chapeau(帽子), beau(花花公子), nouveau(爆发户)等。
2.法语字母组合ette,借入到英语中仍然保留其拼写,如:cigarette(烟卷), silhouette(剪影), croquette(油炸丸子), etiquette(礼仪)。
3.法语字母组合oir或oire, 借入到英语中仍然保留其拼写,如:memoir(回忆录), soiree(晚会), reservoir(水库), repertoire(全部节目), armoire(大橱), mouchoir(手帕)。
4.法语字母组合eur,借入到英语中仍然保留其拼写,如:amateur(业余爱好者), chauffeur(司机), grandeur(壮观), monsieur(先生)。
5.法语字母组合eon,借入到英语中仍然保留其拼写,如:dungeon(城堡), pigeon(鸽子), surgeon(外科医生), luncheon(午餐)。
6.法语字母组合et,借入到英语中仍然保留其拼写,如:ballet(芭蕾舞), beret(贝雷帽), buffet(小卖部), crochet(钩针编织品), bouquet(花束), croquet(棒球游戏)。
7.法语字母组合que,借入到英语中仍然保留其拼写,如:plaque(匾), clique(小集团), pique(生气), mosque(清真寺), unique(独一无二的), oblique(倾斜的)等。
8.法语字母组合gue,借入到英语中仍然保留其拼写,如:fatigue(疲劳), vague(模糊的), vogue(时尚), plague(瘟疫), colleague(同事), league(联盟)。
9.法语字母组合ch,借入到英语中仍然保留其拼写,如:mustache(胡子), chef(男厨师长), brochure(小册子), parachute(降落伞)等。
10.法语字母组合gn,借入到英语中仍然保留其拼写,如:assign(分配), campaign(战役), foreign(外国的), design(设计)等。

参考资料:http://felc.gdufs.edu.cn/linguistics/Article_Print.asp?ArticleID=168

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