英语句子最基本的结构是主、谓结构,倒装就是将这种比较固定的词序加以颠倒.英语的倒装有两种形式.一种是将句子的主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,称为完全倒装,如:Then began an eight-year war between Iran and Iraq. (于是伊朗和伊拉克之间开始了长达八年的战争.).另一种是只将助动词(包括情态助动词)移到主语之前,称为部分倒装,如: Seldom can she finish her task in a short time. (她很难在短时间内完成任务.)
引起倒装的情况有很多,在大学英语四级考试中常见的主要有以下几种.下面举例说明.
一、虚拟条件句中的倒装
例1:________for my illness, I would have lent him a helping hand. (CET-4, 1995/1)
A) Not being B) Had it not been
C) Without being D) Not having been
本题答案为B).本句意思是:要是我没有生病,我肯定会给他帮助的.从主句的谓语可以看出,本题是过去时的虚拟语气,从句谓语应该用过去完成时.由于省略了连词if ,所以将 had 移到句首构成倒装结构.
例2:________before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. (CET-4, 1997/1)
A) Had they arrived
B) Would they arrive
C) Were they arriving
D) Were they to arrive
本题答案为D).本句是将来时的虚拟语气,这点从从句的时间状语the day after tomorrow 可以看出.因此从句的谓语应用should或were to 动词原形.由于从句省略了连词if,就应将should或were移到句首,形成倒装.
二、表示否定意义的词或词组位于句首
例1:We have been told that under no circumstances________the telephone in the office for personal affairs. (CET-4, 1999/6)
A) may we use B) we may use C) we could use D) did we use
本题答案为A).本句中的否定短语under no circumstances位于宾语从句句首,句子需要用倒装 ,故B)和C)错误,D)项时态不对.本句意思是:我们被告之,在任何情况下都不能因私事而使用办公室的电话.
例2:Not until the game had begun______at the sports ground. (CET-4, 2000/6)
A) should he have arrived
B) had he arrived
C) did he arrive
D) would he have arrived
本题答案为C).本句将not until置于句首,主句要倒装.由于从句用的是过去完成时,因此主句应用一般过去时.本句意思是:直到比赛开始了,他才到运动场.
三、让步状语从句的倒装
例如:________, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.( CET-4, 2000/6)
A) As he likes her much
B) Although much he likes her
C) Much as he likes her
D) Much although he likes her
本题答案为C).本句是由as引导的让步状语从句,需要使用倒装语序,将状语放到句首,故C)正确.本句意思是:虽然他很喜欢她,但他有时候也觉得她很讨厌.
四、only位于句首的倒装
例如:Only under special circumstances ______to take make-up tests. (CET-4, 1997/6)
A) are freshmen permitted
B) freshmen are permitted
C) permitted are freshmen
******
倒装
1．当“only+状语”位于句首表示强调时用倒装，如不在句首或虽在句首但不修辞状语时用正常语序。
Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion.
只有当你获得足够的数据时，你才能得出正确的结论。
Only in this way can we catch up with the world’s advanced levels in science and technology.
只有这样我们才能赶上世界的先进科学技术水平。
其他如：only then, only once, only in America China, only after the accident等。
真题重现
【CET-6：2007.6】Only in the small town_________.
(他才感到安全和放松)
参考答案：does she feel secure and relaxed
2．never等具有否定意义的词或词组居于句首时用倒装。
这类词或词组常用的有：never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, not until, by no means, under no circumstances, under no condition, in no way(决不), in no case(决不), neither …(nor), no sooner…(than), hardly…(when), barely(仅仅，几乎不), on no account, in no circumstances(决不), not a bit, nowhere, not only…but also等。
Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet. 丘吉尔不仅是一位政治家，还是一位诗人。
Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense. 我从未听到过这种胡说！
真题重现
【CET-6：2007.12】 The witness was told that under no circumstances_____________.
(他都不应该对法庭说谎)
参考答案：should he lie to the court.
【CET-6：2007.1】 ______________(直到截止日他才寄出) his application form.
参考答案Not until the deadline did he send (out)
3．the more…, the more结构中的倒装。
【CET-4：2006.6】90. The more you explain, _________________(我愈糊涂).
参考答案：the more confused I am
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