Kaifeng
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Kaifeng
— Prefecture-level city —
Chinese transcription(s)
- Chinese 开封
- Pinyin Kāifēng
The Iron Pagoda, or Youguo Pagoda of Kaifeng, built in 1049 AD during the Song Dynasty
Kaifeng in Henan
KaifengLocation in China
Coordinates: 34°47′28〃N 114°20′53〃E / 34.79111, 114.34806
Country China
Province Henan
Area
- Total 6,444 km² (2,488 sq mi)
Population
- Total 4,800,000
- Density 744.9/km² (1,929.2/sq mi)
Time zone China Standard (UTC+8)
Area code(s) 378
GDP ¥7,250 per capita (2004)
Major Nationalities Han, Hui
County-level divisions 10
Township-level divisions unknown
Website:
http://www.kaifeng.gov.cn Kaifeng (simplified Chinese: 开封; traditional Chinese: 开封; pinyin: Kāifēng; Wade-Giles: K'ai-feng), formerly known as Bianliang (Chinese: 汴梁 or 汴梁; pinyin: Biànliáng), Bianjing (Chinese: 汴京; pinyin: Biànjīng), Daliang (Chinese: 大梁 or 大梁; pinyin: Dàliáng), or simply Liang (Chinese: 梁 or 梁; pinyin: Liáng), is a prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, People's Republic of China. Located along the southern bank of the Yellow River, it borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the west, Xinxiang to the northwest, Shangqiu to the east, Zhoukou to the southeast, Xuchang to the southwest, and the province of Shandong to the northeast.
Contents [hide]
1 Administration
2 History
3 Culture
4 Tourism
5 Sister cities
6 Colleges and universities
6.1 Public
7 See also
8 Further reading
9 External links
Administration
The prefecture-level city of Kaifeng administers 5 districts and 5 counties.
Gulou District (鼓楼区)
Longting District (龙亭区)
Nanguan District (南关区)
Jiao District (郊区)
Shunhe Hui District (顺河回族区)
Weishi County (尉氏县)
Qi County (杞县)
Tongxu County (通许县)
Lankao County (兰考县)
Kaifeng County (开封县)
History
Kaifeng is one of the Seven Ancient Capitals of China.
In 364 BC, the state of Wei during the Warring States Period founded a city called Daliang as its capital in this area. During this period, the first of many canals in the area was constructed; it linked a local river to the Huang He. When the State of Wei was conquered by the Qin, Kaifeng was destroyed and abandoned except for a mid-sized market town, which remained in its place.
Early in the 7th century, Kaifeng was transformed into a major commercial hub when it was connected to the Grand Canal as well as a canal running to western Shandong Province.
In 781 (Tang Dynasty), a new city was reconstructed and named Bian (汴). Bian was the capital of the Later Jin (936-946), Later Han (947-950), and Later Zhou (951-960) of the Five Dynasties Period. The Song Dynasty made Bian its capital when it overthrew the Later Zhou in 960, and shortly afterward, they further expanded the city.
During the Song Dynasty, called Dongjing or Bianjing then, Kaifeng was the capital with a population of over 400,000, living both inside and outside the city wall. Typhus was an acute problem of the city.
In 1049, Youguosi Pagoda (佑国寺塔), or Iron Pagoda (铁塔) as it is called today, was constructed, which measures 54.7 m in height. It has survived the destruction of wars and floodings and become the oldest landmark in this ancient city. Another Song Dynasty pagoda, Bo Ta (繁塔), from 974, has been partially destroyed.
The famous painting Qingming Scroll is believed by some to portray daily life in Kaifeng. The painting, of which several versions are extant (the above is an 18th century remake), is attributed to the Song Dynasty (960-1279) artist Zhang Zeduan.Another well-known sight was the astronomical clock tower of the engineer, scientist, and statesman Su Song (1020-1101 AD). It was crowned with a rotating armillary sphere that was hydraulic-powered (i.e. by waterwheel and clepsydra clock), yet it incorporated an escapement mechanism two hundred years before they were found in clockworks of Europe, and featured the first known endless power-transmitting chain drive.
Kaifeng reached its peak of importance in the 11th century, when it was a commercial and industrial center at the intersection of four major canals. During this time, the city was surrounded by three rings of city walls and probably had a population of 600,000 to 700,000.
It is believed that Kaifeng was the largest city in the world from 1013 to 1127. [1]
This period ended in 1127, when the city fell to Jurchen invaders (see Jingkang Incident) and came subsequently under the rule of the Jin Dynasty. While it remained an important administrative center, only the city area inside the inner city wall of the early Song Dynasty remained settled and the two outer rings were abandoned.
One major problem associated with Kaifeng as the Imperial capital of the Song Dynasty was its location. While it was conveniently situated along the Grand Canal for logistic supply, Kaifeng was militarily vulnerable due to its position on the flood plains of the Yellow River.
Games in the Jinming Pool, a late 11th or early 12th century painting depicting Kaifeng, by Zhang Zerui.Kaifeng served as the Jurchen's "southern capital" from 1157 (other sources say 1161) and was reconstructed during this time.[2][3] But they kept their main capital further north, until 1214, when they were forced to move the imperial court southwards to Kaifeng in order to flee the Mongol onslaught. In 1234 they succumbed to combined Mongol and Song Dynasty forces. Mongols took control, and in 1279 they conquered all of China.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty in 1368, Kaifeng was made the capital of Henan Province.
In 1642, Kaifeng was flooded by the Ming army with water from Yellow River to prevent the peasant rebel Li Zicheng from taking over. After this disaster, the city was abandoned again.
Under the celebrated Qing emperor Kangxi (1662), Kaifeng was rebuilt. However, another flooding occurred in 1841, followed by another reconstruction in 1843, which produced the contemporary Kaifeng as we know it.
Kaifeng is also known for having the oldest extant Jewish community in China, the Kaifeng Jews.
It was here, too, that in 1969, the former Chairman of the People's Republic of China Liu Shaoqi, died in prison from medical neglect.
Culture
Kaifeng offers a wide range of food specialities such as steaming pie and Chinese dumpling. In the evening, Kaifeng's streets turn into restaurants while hundreds open their stands and begin selling their food in the famous night market. Often people from the nearby Zhengzhou come to Kaifeng to spend an evening with their family as the atmosphere is very appealing. Less adventurous Western tourists may prefer to eat inside the restaurants and just have their drinks outside because they might not want to try chicken feet, pork feet or bucks. Particularly famous is Kaifeng's five-spice bread (wǔxiāng shāobǐng), which, like pita, can be opened and filled.
Tourism
DaXiangGuo Temple (大相国寺) Famous Buddhist temple first built in 555 A.D..
BaoGong Ancestral Hall (包公祠) An ancestral hall built in remembrance of a respectable official from the Song Dynasty.
Sister cities
Wichita, Kansas, United States
Kiryat Motzkin, Israel
Toda, Saitama, Japan
Omsk, Siberia, Russia
Colleges and universities
Public
Henan University (河南大学) (founded 1912)
Kaifeng University (开封大学) (founded 1980)
Kaifeng High School (开封高中) (founded 1902)
Ma Si Guang University (马思光大学) (founded 1988)
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Kaifeng, a prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, People's Republic of China, located along the southern bank of the Yellow River, was flooded in 1642 by the Ming Dynasty army with water from the Yellow River to prevent the peasant rebel Li Zicheng from taking over. Roughly half of the 600,000 residents of Kaifeng were killed by the flood and the ensuing peripheral disasters such as famine and plague, making it one of the deadliest single acts of war in history (excluding systematic genocide) and the second greatest single loss of human life of its time.
The flood is sometimes referred to as a natural disaster due to the role of the Huang He river and is currently listed as the 7th deadliest natural disaster in history with a death toll of some 300,000.
The city was once the capital of China, but it did not experience the same population growth as its surrounding provinces and after this disaster the city was abandoned until 1662 when it was rebuilt under the rule of the celebrated Qing emperor Kangxi. It remained a rural backwater city of diminished importance thereafter and experienced several other less devastating floods.
The flood brought an end to the "golden age" of the Jewish settlement of China, which is said to span from about 1300 to 1642. By the time of the flood the Jewish population of China had reached about 5,000, mostly in Kaifeng.
~~wiki English上面的资料.