ããCompiled by
ããRobert E. Yahnke
ããProfessor, General College,
ããUniversity of Minnesota
ããæå¾ç»ä½ ç¿»è¯äº,æºå¨ç¿»ç,è¿è¡.èªå·±çè±æä¹è¡
ããç±äºç§ç§åå 50 年代æ»åäºéè¿æ们çç¥è§ã ä»ä»¬åå¨å¨ä¸ä¸ªä¸é´ç¶æå¨ç¾å½äººä¹é´è¢«èç¦çåªåèµ¢å第äºæ¬¡ä¸ç大æå60 年代(约翰F çåºæç失æåæ¤ä¸å«ä¿ã è¯å°¼è¿ª, è¶å, æ°æè¿å¨, 并ä¸Martin Luther King åç½ä¼¯ç¹・è¯å°¼è¿ªæ»äº¡) ã ä»ä¹åçå¨50 年代? ä»ä»¬æ¯ç»æµå¢é¿æ¶ä»£ä¸º"å¯äºº" å¨ç¾å½, 并ä¸ç§æçæ´æ°çå离æ¶ä»£å¨è¿ä¸ªå½å®¶ã å¸æ对ã æè²å§åä¼(1954) åäºä¿¡å·ä¸ä¸ªæ°æ¶ä»£çåæå¨ç§æå
³ç³»å¨è¿ä¸ªå½å®¶ã ä½é£æ¬¡è¡å¨åæ¯å¯ä¸åå¥å¯¹å§å£ç60 年代ã 50 年代å¨åªéæ¯?
ãã以50 年代æ¥äºçµè§æºåºç°å¨æ¯ä¸ªå®¶, cinemascope åVistaVision ä½ä¸ºç»æä¼å¾ç±æ¼æ室诱使è§å¯è
åå°å§é¢, å
ä¸è½¦æå¡çµå½±, 以å¤ç±äººä¸ºç¹è²æ¯å
±äº§ä¸»ä¹å¨èçæ¿è¡¥å¯¹ä¸æ¹çç§å¦å°è¯´å½±ç, 并ä¸ç»å¥½è±åå æ²¹ç»æµè¿å»ä¸åå¹´èåçæ¼æ室系ç»çéæ¸æº¶è§£ã åä»ä»¬çåèªå¨æ¼æ室æ¶ä»£æé´å¨40 年代çå ä½ä¸»ä»»(æ¯å©æ´å çæ¾, 约翰・Huston, Elia Kazan, Alfred Hitchcock, 并ä¸çº¦ç¿°・ç¦ç¹) 继ç»æ好çµå½±(并ä¸å¹³åº¸é£äº) ã ä½æ¨ä¸ä¼çä»ä»¬çååå¨ä¸é¡µ(60 年代, 主任çä¸åä½ä¸ºå导æ¼) ã æ¼æ室系ç»çæåç迹溶åäºå¨æ°ä¸»ä»»é¢å, 对è¡å¨çæ°æ¹æ³, 并ä¸æ°æ³æ³å
³äºç°å®ä¸ççæè¿°å¨å½±çéã1950 All About Eve Joseph Mankiewicz
ãã1950 Sunset Boulevard Billy Wilder
ãã1951 An American in Paris Vincent Minnelli
ãã1952 Singin' in the Rain Stanley Donen
ãã1952 The African Queen John Huston
ãã1952 High Noon Fred Zinnemann
ãã1953 From Here to Eternity Fred Zinnemann
ãã1953 Shane George Stevens
ãã1954 The Caine Mutiny Edward Dmytryk
ãã1954 On the Waterfront Elia Kazan
ãã1954 Rear Window Alfred Hitchcock
ãã1954 A Star is Born George Cukor
ãã1955 Marty Delbert Mann
ãã1955 Rebel Without a Cause Nicholas Ray
ãã1956 The Searchers John Ford
ãã1957 The Bridge on the River Kwai David Lean
ãã1957 Paths of Glory Stanley Kubrick
ãã1957 12 Angry Men Sydney Lumet
ãã1958 Separate Tables Delbert Mann
ãã1958 Vertigo Alfred Hitchcock
ãã1958 Witness for the Prosecution Billy Wilder
ãã1959 North by Northwest Alfred Hitchcock
ããè¯è®º:
ããå¨50 年代ä¸äºç¾å½çæäºä¸èµ·çæ¼åæ®æ¼äºæ¯éè¿ä»ä»¬çæåçè§è², æ
æå°èå¼±, 以æç¢çèªæã Bette 迪维æ¯æ
任主è§ä½ä¸ºèå女æ¼åç±ä¸ä½è¿åçæ´å å¹´è½»ç女æ¼åæä½å¨ææä¼è(1950); Humphrey Bogart æ¼å¥ä¸ä¸ªæ
éçé
客å¨éæ´²Queen (1954) 并ä¸ä¸ä¸ªç²¾ç¥ç
æµ·åä¸å°å¨Caine Mutiny (1954); å å©æ¨æ¡¶å æ¯éä¼å人ä¸ä¸æ¬¡çèåè¦é¿(å¨é容å¯å©å¸½å¸®å©ä¸) å¨æ£å(1952); åç±³・Stewart åå°å±å¹å¨ææ²ä½ä¸ºè¥¿é¨æåºç°å¨äºé¨Hitchcock å½±çé, ä¹å åçª(1954) 并ä¸Vertigo (1958) ã å¨ä¸¤é¨å½±çéä»æ¼å¥åäºè´è¡°å¼±ç伤害å¿çåç©ç) çä¸å¹´äººã 没æåé§è¥¿é¨è±éå¨è¿äºå½±çé!
ããåWesterns å¨è¿ä¸ªç®å½å
±é¸£å¯¹æ¶ä»£çç»å°¾çé¢æ并ä¸æ¶ä»£çæ¹è¯ã 约翰・é¦æ©, stalwart ç¾å½è¥¿é¨, åºç°ä½ä¸ºä¸ä¸ªèå¼±åå¿çå°ä¸ç¨³å®çå符å¨äºçº¦ç¿°・ç¦ç¹Westerns, å°å»èªç±Valance çæ寻è
(1956) 并ä¸äºº(1962) ã å¨åå½±çé¦æ©ä¸¢å¤±ææé¤äºä»ç家åºçä¸åæå对æ»å»ç±å½å°ç¾å½äººã ä»æ为被æ¾å°å æ®å¿æä»çç¥å¥³, è°ç±å°å°å®äººå¤±å»äºæ§å¶, 并ä¸è¢«è¿«é¢å¯¹ç§æ主ä¹åæ··è¡çæ ¹æ·±èåºçæè§å¨ä»çæ¥å¯»ã
ããå¨åè
å½±çé¦æ©æ¼å¥å¿«éåå¾æ¶ä»£é误å¨ç¾å½è¥¿é¨çæ¹åçé£æ¯çä¸ä½ç²ç ºåå¯èä»»çWesterner ã çåè¡å¨æstatehood, 并ä¸äººæ°å
»æ®è¢«è¦æ±è´è´£å®ã é£ä¸ªäººç±æ ææçåç±³・Stewart 代表, è°æç»ä½©å¸¦æª, 并ä¸è°å对æ¿æ²»æ£ä¹å妥åçæ³ã 约翰・é¦æ©æ¼å¥å°å»èªç±æå¸ç人, ä¸ä¸ªéªæ¶çæªæä»"èå¦æ ¡" (æ¯è¾æªæçæ°å
・Palance çåç
§å¨Shane, 1953). ä½ä¿¡ç¨ä¸ºæ害æå¸å»åç±³・Stewart, è°å强å°æ¾èµ·æªå设æ³ä½¿ç¨å®å对被硬åçå¶æã å½ç¶, 约翰・é¦æ©æ¯æStewart ççå½, ä½å¤±å»ä»ç±å¯¹Stewart çå¦å¥³ã åè
继ç»æ¯æ°ç¶æç第ä¸å·é¿ã ä»ä½ä¸º"å°å»èªç±æå¸ç人记ä½ã"
ããå½±ççç»å°¾æ¯è¦çã è°æ¯è±é? æ£ä¹å¨åªéæ¯å¨è¿æ ·ç»éª? æ¯å¨äººä¸å¿å°å»èªç±æå¸ççç¾å¿çæ¯åå¿å¤æçæè§ä¸ä¸ªå¿
é¡»éç±å å©æ¨æ¡¶å ä¿å«å¨æ£å(1952) ã 没人跨æ¥ä»å帮å©æ¨æ¡¶å ç«èµ·æ¥å对æ¶æ£, è°è¢«è®¾ç½®åºç°å¨12:00 å¨é大è¡ã ä»åç¬é¢å¯¹ä»ä»¬(ä½è¢«ä¿åå½ä»çQuaker çå¿å°å»å人çå½ä¸ä¸ä¸ª) ã äºä¹é©¾å
¥æ¥è½å¨ä»ä»¬é²çæ äºå¨éä¹åã è¿äºæ¯ä»ä¹æ ·çWesterns? ä»ä»¬å¬èµ·æ¥ç¾å½çæ´»æ¹å¼-- ä¸æ¯äºçæ¹è¯è½»å¾®è¢«éåå¨50 年代ã æ´å! æ¯ææ¨çæ¿åº! ä¸å
±äº§ä¸»ä¹å±é©ææ! ä¿å«ç¾å½å®¶åº! å°æ¬å½å±! 3æå¨æ¥! ä¸, äº! ä¸, äº!
ãã第å西é¨, Shane (1953), 并ä¸è®²æå¼äºé£ä¸ªæ¦å¨å设æ³å±
ä½å¹³å®ççæ´»ä¸ä¸ªåæªæçæ
äºã Shane æ¯è®¾æ³å®å®çä¸ä½ågunslinger ã ä½å¨å¤é¨ä¸çä¸çå²çªå¯»æ¾ä»ä»¬çé路对ä»çé¨é¶, 并ä¸ä»è¢«è¿«æç¼å¨ä»çæªä¸æ´å¤ååæ´¾é£éªæ¶çæ°å
・Palance gunslinger (è°ä½©å¸¦é»è²!). Shane åä»ä¹å¨å½±ççæ«ç«¯? ä»ä¹åä»ä»è®¾æ³æ为é¨ä»½çå®å
¨ä¸çã "Shane! åæ¥!"å°Brandon de Wilde åæ³£æ çã Shane ä½å¤æ¯? å å
¥çº¦ç¿°・é¦æ©å¨å°å»èªç±æå¸äººçæ«ç«¯, æå å
¥å å©æ¨æ¡¶å åé容å¯å©å¸½å¨ä»ä»¬ç¦»å¼éä¹åã å¦æ50 年代使æåæä½ä¸ºæ´åå稳å®æ¶ä»£, ç¶å为ä»ä¹è¥¿é¨é£æ ¼ä¼¼ä¹èªå·²èªæ¯å¨è¿ä¸ªæ¶ä»£æé´?
ããä¾åå
æ¬å¨æ±è¾¹(1954), ååè
没æèµ·å (1954), Marty (1955), éè·¯Glory (1957), 12 æ¼æçMen (1957), åå¼çTables (1958), 并ä¸çæ¾çRiver (1960) ã è¿äºå½±çæå
±åå
´è¶£äºéè¦è´¨é-- 主任æå
´è¶£å¯¹å¸¦æ¥æ°ç»´åº¦ç»æè¿°ç¹æ§åæ
æ强度çåè¯å°ä½éè¦æ
äºåæ°é²çæ¼åã
ããElia Kazan, 1947 å¹´è°cofounded æ¼åçæ¼æ室, é£é"æ¹æ³è¡å¨ç" æ¹æ³è¢«æç¼äºã Kazan 带æ¥äºMarlon Brando, æ¹æ³çæ¥æ¤è
è¡å¨, 对æé¢ä¸çç注æå¨1951 å½±ç, Streetcar å½åäºæ¬²ææ ¹æ®ç°çº³è¥¿å¨å»æ¯æå§) ã Brando æ§è¡äºè§è²å¨Broadway ã ä½å½è§ä¼çè§äºBrando å¨æ±è¾¹(1954), ä¸å¥½æ¼åå¡å°・Malden åæJ ç¸å¤èæ´½ã Cobb, ä¸çéåäºéç¥ã è¡å¨å¨å½±çéä»æªä¼æ¯ç¸åã Brando æ为äºä»ç个æ§ã ä»ç»æ³, ä»å鬼è¸, ä»å»åäº, ä»ååäº, ä»sighed -- ä»æ¯å符ã
ããéåèæ¥å¨Brando çèæ¥çäºä½å
¶å®æ¼åæ¯è©¹å§æ¯Clift æå¡é¿åèå 马å©ã 两个带æ¥äºç»æ³å¼ºåº¦çè´¨éç»ä»ä»¬çè§è²ã çè§è©¹å§æ¯æå¡é¿å¨ååè
没æèµ·å æ¯å¥å±çç»éªå 为ä»ä»£è¡¨ç±50 年代价å¼çæ¹æç伪ååè¤æµ
åæ¶çææ被çè¿çå°å¹´ã ä»ä¸åæ¶å®çæ»äº¡å¨1955 çªç¶åå¼äºä»ä¹ä¼æ¯æ为çå½±çäºä¸ã
ããAlfred Hitchcock çæ继ç»ä¸åå¨50 年代ä¸ä¸é¨é大影çã å¨åçª(1954) Hitchcock ååé äºä¸ä¸ªçª¥é´çä¸çéè¿ä»çåç±³・Stewart 个æ§çç¼çã å符ç"åçª" çå¨å
¶å®å
¬å¯å±
æ°çªå£, 并ä¸å¾å¿«ä»çæ±ç¥æ¬²ä»¥ä»ä»¬å¸¦é¢ççæ´»å ä¹æ¯åä»ã å¨Vertigo (1957) Hitchcock åæ¢ç´¢ä¸äºäººçå¿è-- è¦ç»åself-destructive è¡ä¸ºçé»æçå°åº, ä¸ä¸ªäººçå±é©åé"éå¶" ä¸åå¦å¥³å¨ä»çæ³çå¦å¥³çç¸å, 并ä¸å±
äºæå§äºç¸å对çå¤æç欺éªã ç©ææ¯æä¾ä¸ç¹æ
æå®å¿å¨å®é大çå
³éä¹åçä¸ä¸ªä¸é让çæ
äºã
ãã50 年代以ä¸ç¥¥çç¬è®°ç»æäºå
³äºæçå½±çè§å¯ç»éªã æåä¸å²å½æçè§äºHitchcock çPsycho (1960) 以æçç¶æ¯, æç表å
å¼, 并ä¸æçå
å¼å§å¦¹ã æè®°å¾, æçå§å¦¹åæç表å
å¼Judy åNona 使ä»ä»¬ç§»äº¤ä»ä»¬çé¢åå¨å¯æéµé¨åºé¢æé´ã æè§çäºå®ä¸æçç¼ç大å¼ã æ没æäºè§£è®¸å¤ä»ä¹ç象å¾ä¸»ä¹æè§çã ä½æèµèµäºèºæ¯å®; å®é
ä¸, ææ¯æå°æ¬çä»ä¹Hitchcock åç以影çææ¯ã 为ä»ä¹é£å°å»äº? 为ä»ä¹é£ä¸ªè§åº¦? 为ä»ä¹å°å»é£å®è´§? æç¶åä¸ç¥éå®, ä½æ被é©äºå¨å½±çã
ããåç¬è®°å
³äºä¸é¨ç¹å«å½±çå¨è¿ä¸ªåå¹´æé´ã 1955 å¹´Ernest Borgnine, ç¥é为ä»é¢å
çå·¥ä½ä½ä¸ºä¸"é" (å人) å¨å½±çé, æ®æ¼ä¸ä½æ¸©é¡ºå温åçå± æ·ä»å¸é²å
æå¨Delbert æ¼çMarty ã å½±çé¦å
åºç°å¨çµè§ä¸(æ
任主è§çæ å°º・Steiger -- å¨ä»å
¸åä¿å®å°è¯´çæ ·å¼è¡å¨) ã Borgnine æåºäºåæ
åè¶
éç人类, 亲å人, ææ¾æ³¨å®ä¸ºå身æ±çæ´», è°è±è´¹ææä»çèªç±æ¶é´åçä¸å
¶å®äººå¨é»è¿é
å§ã æä»æªå°å¿è®°è¿ç¥·, "æ¨æ³è¦ä»æåä»ä¹?"" æä¸ç¥éã æ¨æ³è¦ä»æåä»ä¹?"人æåå¾ä¸é´å¹´é¾ä»¥å°çè¿æ¯ä¸ºæ
ææ¿è¯ºå¯¹é¿æå
³ç³»ã Dead-ends, åå»ççæ´», 被浪费ççæ´»ã å¢, è§çMarty èè¹åæ¦ä¸äº²åå¦å¥³ååè¯å¥¹deadpanned, "å¿, æ¨ç»ç©¶ä¸æ¯è¿æ ·çã"
åèèµæï¼http://www.tc.umn.edu/~yahnk001/film/cinema4.htm