不定式和
独立主格结构是“井水不犯河水”，用不着区别，只要明白独立主格结构的构成就行了。
1、独立主格结构：
句子的状语部分本身若是具有不同于主句主语的逻辑主语的非从句表达形式，就是独立主格结构(Nominative Absolute Construction)。其构成是：逻辑主语+
分词，或加形容词、名词、副词、
介词短语。逻辑主语（即意思上的主语）可以是名词、代词，甚至是一个句子。这种结构常用作状语，来表示方式、条件、原因、伴随等状语内容。With往往也是这种结构的引导词。
Weather permitting, we’ll play basketball tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天打篮球。(条件)
This done, they packed their tools and went home.(时间或原因)
事情办完了，他们装起工具回家了。
He sat there silently, his head bending.
他坐在那里低着头，一言不发。
He walked into the room, his face covered with blood.
他走进屋子，脸上全是血。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning (turning on).他点着灯睡着了。
The teacher entered the classroom, with a bag (being) in his hand.
老师走进教室，手里拿着一个书包。
With you standing there, I can’t work. 你站在那里，我没法工作。
He slept well with the door open. 门开着，他睡得很好。(伴随)
He stood there with his hat in hand. 他站在那里，手里拿着帽子。(伴随)
With him gone, I felt very lost. 他走了，我感到很失落。
2. 独立主格结构与分词作状语
独立主格结构主要是运用分词来实现的，在主句中起状语作用，分词在句中也起状语作用，这就造成了独立主格结构与分词作状语的混淆。两者的区别仅在于：状语中分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语是否一致：分词作状语时，其逻辑主语和
谓语动词的主语一致；否则分词必须有自己的主语，而这种带主语的分词结构就是分词的独立主格结构，或叫独立主格。试比较：
Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stood up.
(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room, they stood up.)
(seeing的逻辑主语是the students)（分词状语）
Heated, ice will be changed into water. (=When it is heated…)
（前后主语一致）（分词状语）
Being excited, I couldn’t go to sleep. (=As I was excited, I couldn’t go to sleep.)
（前后主语一致）（分词状语）
I stood there, listening to the broadcast.(=I stood there and listened to the broadcast.)
（前后主语一致）（分词状语）
The children went away laughing.
(=The children went away. They laughed as they went.)
（前后主语一致）（分词状语）
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.（前后主语一致）（分词状语）
The train having stopped, the soldiers continued their march.(主语不一致,独立主格)
The boys returned, their face covered with sweat.（前后主语不一致）（独立主格）
Weather permitting, we’ll go picnicking.（前后主语不一致）（独立主格）
His leg wounded, he could not walk fast.（前后主语不一致）（独立主格）