1. ç°å¨å®ææ¶çå®ä¹
ç°å¨å®ææ¶æ¢å¯è¡¨ç¤ºè¿å»åççå¨ä½å¯¹ç°å¨æé æçç»ææå½±å(æ¤æ¶é常è¿ç¨çæ¶é´ç¶è¯æalready, yet, just, ever, before)ï¼ä¹å¯è¡¨ç¤ºå¨ä½ä»è¿å»ææ¶é´å¼å§ï¼ä¸ç´æç»å°ç°å¨ï¼å¹¶ä¸è¿æå¯è½æç»ä¸å»(æ¤æ¶é常è¿ç¨çæ¶é´ç¶è¯æthis month / week / year, these days, recently / lately, in the past few + æ¶é´æ®µ, since +æ¶é´ç¹, for + æ¶é´æ®µ)ãå¦ï¼
I have just finished my work. ææå·¥ä½åå®ã
Have you ever been to Beijing? ä½ æ¾ç»å»è¿å京åï¼
I have lived for ten years. æå¨è¿å¿ä½äºåå¹´äºã
We have studied here since 2003. æ们èª2003å¹´æ¥å°±å¨è¿å¿è¯»ä¹¦äºã
2. ç°å¨å®ææ¶çç»æ
ç°å¨å®ææ¶ç±âhave / has + è¿å»åè¯âææã
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(1) éæç»æ§å¨è¯go, come, leave, borrow, buy, die, joinçå®ææ¶çè¯å®å¼ä¸è½ä¸æ¶é´æ®µè¿ç¨ï¼è¥è¦æ¥ç¨æ¶é´æ®µç¶è¯ï¼ååºæ¢æç¸åºçæç»å¨è¯æç¶æå¨è¯ãå¦ï¼
He has left. ä»èµ°äºã(from
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He has been away for an hour. ä»èµ°äºä¸ä¸ªå°æ¶äºã
Can I borrow that book? æå¯ä»¥åé£æ¬ä¹¦å?
How long can I keep the book? è¿æ¬ä¹¦æå¯åå¤ä¹
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He has not borrowed the book since then. ä»æ¤ä»¥åï¼ä»åä¹æ²¡æåè¿æ¬ä¹¦äºã
(2) have / has been to 表示æ¾ç»å»è¿æå°ï¼ä½ç°å¨ä¸å¨é£å¿ï¼have / has gone to表示ç°å¨å·²å»æå°ï¼ç°å¨ä¸å¨è¿å¿ãå¦ï¼
He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company. ä»å»è¿å æ¿å¤§ï¼ç°å¨å¨æ们å
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Mr. Li is not at home. He has gone to Shanghai. æå
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Have you read it already? ä½ å°±çå®äºï¼
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I read the book two weeks ago. æ两å¨å读äºè¿æ¬ä¹¦ã
I have read the book for two weeks. è¿æ¬ä¹¦æ读è¿ä¸¤å¨äºã(from
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They have talked for about two hours. ä»ä»¬è°äºå¤§çº¦ä¸¤ä¸ªå°æ¶ã(强è°å¨ä½çæç»)
They are talking. ä»ä»¬å¨è°è¯ã (强è°ç®åçç¶æ)
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è¿å»å®ææ¶æ¢å¯è¡¨ç¤ºè¿å»æ个æ¶é´æå¨ä½ä¹åæåççäºæ
(常ç¨æ¶é´ç¶è¯æalready, before, ever, just, never, still, yet)ï¼ä¹å¯è¡¨ç¤ºè¿å»æ个æ¶é´æå¨ä½ä¹åæåççå¨ä½ä¸ç´æç»å°è¿å»æ个æ¶é´(常æ¥æ¶é´ç¶è¯ï¼since +æ¶é´ç¹, for + æ¶é´æ®µ)ãå¦ï¼
When I got to the station, the train had left. å½æå°è¾¾è½¦ç«æ¶ï¼ç«è½¦å·²ç»å¼èµ°äºã
We had learnt fifteen lessons by last week. å°ä¸å¨ä¸ºæ¢ï¼æ们å¦å®äºåäºç¯è¯¾æã
He had stayed here for two days before he left. ä»èµ°ä¹åå¨è¿å¿åäºä¸¤å¤©ã
He said that he had lived there since he was ten. ä»è¯´ä»åå²èµ·å°±ä½å¨é£å¿äºã
2. è¿å»å®ææ¶çç»æ
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3. è¿å»å®ææ¶çåºç¨
(1) ä¸è¿å»å®ææ¶è¿ç¨çæ¶é´ç¶è¯å¯ä»¥å¤ç§å¤æ ·ï¼ä½¿ç¨å®ç主è¦ä¾æ®æ¯çå
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He had learnt some English before I went here. å¨æ¥è¿å¿ä¹åæå¦è¿ä¸äºè±è¯ã
He had written three stories by last year. å°å»å¹´ä»å·²ç»åäºä¸ç¯æ
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We had cleaned the room when he got there. å½ä»å°é£å¿æ¶ï¼æ们已ç»ææ¿åå¼å¹²åäºã
He went there after he had finished his work. ä»æäºåå®ä¹åï¼å°±å»åªå¿äºã
注æï¼å½ä¸»å¥è·ç±before, after, as soon asæå¼å¯¼çæ¶é´ä»å¥çå¨ä½è¿æ¥å¾ç´§å¯æ¶ï¼ä»å¥ä¹å¯ç¨ä¸è¬è¿å»æ¶ã
He went there after he read the letter. ä»çäºé£å°ä¿¡åå°±å»é£å¿äºã
(2) è¿å»å®ææ¶è¿ç»å¸¸ç¨äºä¸»å¥ä¸ºè¿å»æ¶ç宾è¯ä»å¥ä¸ãå¦ï¼
He said he had been a soldier. ä»è¯´ä»å½è¿å
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They said they had seen the film. ä»ä»¬è¯´è¿å¹çµå½±ä»ä»¬çè¿ã
(3) å¨hardly / scarcely â¦whenâ¦, no soonerâ¦than⦠两个ç»æä¸ç主å¥é常è¦ç¨è¿å»å®ææ¶ãå¦ï¼
Hardly had I told her the news when she began to cry out. 她ä¸å¬å°è¿ä¸æ¶æ¯å°±å¤§åäºèµ·æ¥ã
Scarcely had he finished his supper when he went out. ä»å·²åå®æé¥å°±åºå»äºã
No sooner had he fallen asleep than he lay down on the bed. ä»ä¸èººååºä¸å°±ç¡çäºã
(4) å¨è¯expect, hope, suppose, think, wantççè¿å»å®ææ¶å¯ç¨æ¥è¡¨ç¤ºæªå®ç°ç计åãæç®æå¸æãå¦ï¼
I had hoped to see you. ææ¬å¸ææ¥çä½ ã(from
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He had wanted to buy a house in Beijing. ä»æ¬æ³å¨å京买æ æ¿åã
4. è¿å»å®ææ¶ä¸ä¸è¬è¿å»æ¶
(1) è¿å»å®ææ¶è¡¨ç¤ºä»¥è¿å»ææ¶é´ä¸ºèµ·ç¹ä»¥åæåççå¨ä½æåå¨çç¶æï¼å³ï¼è¿å»å®ææ¶å¼ºè°âè¿å»çè¿å»âï¼èä¸è¬è¿å»æ¶åªè¡¨ç¤ºä»¥ç°å¨æ¶é´ä¸ºèµ·ç¹ä»¥åæåççäºæ
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He studied there two years ago. ä»å¨é£å¿å¦ä¹ äºä¸¤å¹´ã(离ç°å¨ä¸¤å¹´)
He said he had studied there two years ago. ä»è¯´ä»å¨é£å¿å¦ä¹ äºä¸¤å¹´ã(离ä»è¯´è¯æ¶ä¸¤å¹´)
(2) 表示è¿å»æ个æ¶é´ä»¥åæè¿ç»åçç两个æ两个以ä¸çå¨ä½æ¶ï¼ä¸è¬ç¨and, then, butæç
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He said he went the shop and bought some food. ä»è¯´ä»å»ååºä¹°äºä¸äºé£åã