马可波罗与古代泉洲!(汉译英)

马可波罗在中国旅居十七年,足迹遍及华北、西北、西南、华东等地区。1289年伊利汗国阿鲁汗的元妃去世,派兀鲁?、阿必失呵和火者为专使,来元廷求婚。忽必烈选定阔阔真为元室公主,由三使者和马可波罗及父叔护送,于1291年春乘十四艘四桅十二帆的巨船,从泉州启航,经苏门答腊、印度等地到达波斯。马可波罗于1298年在威尼斯与热那亚战争中被俘,于狱中口述东方见闻,由同狱作家鲁思梯谦笔录成节,叫《东方见闻录》即《马可波罗游记》。它是中世纪向欧洲人介绍中国和中亚情况的著作,给欧洲知识界开辟了一个新天地,对以后新航路的发现很有影响,同时也是研究我国元朝历史和地理的重要史籍。     《马可波罗游记》对泉州赞赏倍至,说:“(离开福州)到第五天傍晚,抵达宏伟秀丽的刺桐城。在它沿岸有一个港口,一船舶往来如梭而出名。”又说:“刺桐是世界上最大的港口之一,大批商人云集这里,货物堆积如山,的确难以想象。每一个商人,必须付出自己投资总额10%的税收,所以,大汗从这里获得巨额的收入。”    元代泉州处在海外贸易和社会经济的鼎盛时期,在《游记》中得到真实的反映。《游记》说:“大批外国商品运到这里,再运到全国各地销售。运到那里的胡椒,数量非常可观。但运到亚历山大港供应西方世界各地需要的胡椒,就相形见绌,恐怕不过它的1%吧。”还说,这个地区“一切生活必需品非常丰富”,德化瓷器物美价廉,一个威尼斯银币能买到8个瓷杯。据说马可波罗回国时,带回德化窑白瓷和色釉小碗多件。至今意大利博物馆还保留一件马可波罗当年带回的德化家春岭窑的小花插。     泉州是宋元时期重要的造船基地之一,所造海船,无论从坚固性、稳定性、适航性,特别是水密隔舱的安全设施等,在当时都具有先进水平。《马可波罗游记》说:“大汗又下令准备了十四艘船,每船有四桅杆,能扬九帆。”“其中至少有四五艘船可容纳船员二百五十或二百六十人。”这些是泉州海船的重要特点。     《马可波罗游记》对泉州人信奉佛教作了介绍。泉州佛教兴盛,自唐朝以来就有“泉南佛国”之誉。马可波罗说,这里的“人民是偶像崇拜者”。偶像崇拜者就是佛教信徒。     中国在唐朝首先生产冰糖,埃及生产的冰糖与中国有关。《马可波罗游记》载:武干市(今永春,一说尤溪)“这个地方以大规模的制糖业著名,出产的糖运到汗八里。供给宫廷使用。在它纳入大汗版图之前,本地人不懂得制造高质量糖的工艺。制糖方法很粗糙,冷却后的糖,呈暗灰色的糊状。等到这个城市归入大汗的管辖时,刚好有些巴比伦人,来到帝廷,他们精通糖的加工方法。因此被派到这个城市,向当地人传授某种木灰制食糖的方法。”这表明埃及人对中国制糖技术提高作出了贡献。他们可能在泉州学得制造冰糖的方法,并回传埃及。     马可波罗对泉州人是这样评价的:“民性和平,喜爱舒适安逸,爱好自由。"这个评价是中肯的。他还说,该城的文身技师以艺精出众而驰名中外,有许多印度人到这里来文身。

第1个回答  2007-04-12
Marco Polo has lived in China for 17 years, toured north, northwest, southwest, east and other regions. 1289 Illinois khanates Aru Khan Explanation and Study of the Comments of Yuan Fei death camp Wu Lu? Azerbaijan will lose, uh, special commissioner for the fire and to Yuanting suitor. Kublai selected wide width really yuan Princess Room, Marco Polo and the father of three envoys uncle escorts in the spring of 1291 by four masts with 14, 12, a huge fan boat set sail from Quanzhou, Sumatra. India; to Dabosi. Marco Polo in 1298 in Venice and Genoa were prisoners of war, in prison oral travelogue. Notes from the same prison as a writer Ruth Ossetia - section, known as the "travelogue" that the "Travels of Marco Polo". It is a medieval Europeans introduced to the writings of China and Central Asia, and opened up a new vista for European intellectuals. After the discovery of a new route very influential, but also study the history and geography of China's Yuan Dynasty important historical records. "Travels of Marco Polo" of the times to appreciate Quanzhou, said : "(leave the city) to the evening of the fifth day. Erythrina arrived in the beautiful grand city. it is a coastal port, a famous vessels really flies like a shuttle. "added : "erythroidine is the world's largest ports, a large number of businessmen gathered here, the goods are piling up and it is hard to imagine. Every business must pay 10% of their total investment revenue, so hat a huge income from here. "Yuan Quanzhou at overseas trade and socio-economic heyday. In "Travels" truly reflected. "Gulliver's Travels" : "a large number of foreign goods shipped here and then shipped across the center. The pepper shipped there. significant quantities. But the Western world needs to supply Alexandria, the pepper, pale, But I am afraid that the 1% bar. "said the region" all basic necessities are very abundant. " Moral porcelain inexpensive, one can buy eight cups of coins in Venice. Said Marco Polo returned home, back to Germany and glaze Mix pieces of white porcelain kiln. Italian museum has retained one of Germany's Marco Polo then back home in the Spring Ridge kiln flower planting. Quanzhou is a major shipbuilding base, Song and Yuan dynasties, the inventor of ships, from the consistency, stability, seaworthiness, Special security is watertight compartment facilities at the time should have advanced level. "Travels of Marco Polo", said : "Sweating ordered preparations for the 14 vessels, each boat has four masts Jan 9 fan can. "" At least there are four or five crew members of ships can accommodate 250 or 260 people. "These ships are Quanzhou An important feature. "Travels of Marco Polo" was introduced to the Buddhist belief in Quanzhou. Quanzhou Buddhism flourished, and have been since the Tang Dynasty, "Sennan Buddhist country," reputation. Marco Polo, here, "people are idol worshiper." Buddhist idol worshiper is. First crystal sugar production during the Tang dynasty, China, Egypt, China and the production of crystal sugar. "Travels of Marco Polo," contained : weapons Kanichi (today Yongchun, said Youxi) "to the local sugar industry, a well-known mass, Khan produced sugar shipped to Bali. supply palace used. Sweating it into the territory, The locals do not know how to create high-quality sugar process. Sugar is quite rough, and after cooling sugar dark gray paste. Sweating under the jurisdiction of the city until, just some Babylonians, arrived in Dili Cetin They are proficient in the sugar processing methods. it was sent to the city teach some wood ash to the local sugar solution. "This indicates that the Egyptians made a contribution to improving China's sugar technology. In Quanzhou, they may learn to create the rock candy, and Return Egypt. Quanzhou is evaluated on the Marco Polo : "Nationality peaceful, comfortable and carefree love. love freedom. "This is a fair assessment. He added that the city technicians to tattoo art and outstanding as compared with precision, many Indians here to Tattoo .
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