éä¿®å
Unit1 A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING
西æ¹ç»ç»èºæ¯ç®å²
Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. èºæ¯æ¯åç人æ°çæ´»ä¹ ä¿åä¿¡ä»°çå½±åçã Styles in Western art have changed many times. 西æ¹çèºæ¯é£æ ¼ç»åäºå¤æ¬¡åé©ã As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text. ç±äºè¥¿æ¹çèºæ¯é£æ ¼å¤ç§å¤æ ·ï¼å¨çççä¸ç¯è¯¾æéä¸å¯è½è¿è¡å
¨é¢çæè¿°ãConsequently, this text will describe only the most important ones, starting from the sixth century AD.
å æ¤,æ¬æåªè°åä»å
Œ
6ä¸çºªä»¥æ¥æ主è¦çå ç§èºæ¯é£æ ¼ã
The Middle Ages (5th to the 15th century AD) ä¸ä¸çºª(å
Œ
5ä¸çºªå°15ä¸çºª)
During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious themes. å¨ä¸ä¸çºª,ç»å®¶ç主è¦ä»»å¡æ¯æå®æç主é¢è¡¨ç°åºæ¥ã A conventional artist of this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were. ä¸ä¸ªä¼ ç»çèºæ¯å®¶æ æäºå¦å®å°å±ç°èªç¶å人ç©ãA typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which created a feeling of respect and love for God. é£ä¸ªæ¶æçå
¸åçç»ç»å
满äºå®æç(象)ç¹å¾,ä½ç°åºäºå¯¹ä¸å¸çç±æ´ä¸æ¬éã But it was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way.ä½æ¯,å¾æ¾ç¶å°äº13ä¸çºªæ¶,è§å¿µåçåå,åä¹æè¿æ ·çç»å®¶å¼å§ä»¥ä¸ç§æ¯è¾ç°å®çé£æ ¼æ¥ç»å®æåºæ¯ã
The Renaissance (15th to 16th century) æèºå¤å
´æ¶æ( 15ä¸çºªå°16ä¸çºª)
During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in the Middle Ages. å¨æèºå¤å
´æ¶æ,æ°çææ³åä»·å¼è§éæ¸å代äºä¸ä¸çºªçææ³åä»·å¼è§ã People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. 人们å¼å§è¾å°å
³æ³¨å®æ主é¢èéåä¸ç§æ´äººæ§åççæ´»æ度ã At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. åæ¶ç»å®¶ä»¬åå°äºç½é©¬ãå¸è
çå¤å
¸èºæ¯ç念ä¸ã They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. ä»ä»¬åäºå¦å®å°ç»åºäººç©åèªç¶ãRich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they could decorate their superb palaces and great houses. å¯äººä»¬æ³æ¥æèªå·±çèºæ¯å并ç¨æ¥è£
饰èªå·±çé«çº§å®«æ®¿å豪å®
They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions as well as their activities and achievements.,ä»ä»¬åºä»·è请èåèºæ¯å®¶æ¥ä¸ºèªå·±ç»å,ç»èªå·±çæ¿å±åå
¶ä»è´¢ç©,以åä»ä»¬çæ´»å¨åæå°±ã
One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective. å¨æ¤æé´,æéè¦çåç°ä¹ä¸å°±æ¯å¦ä½ç¨éè§æ³æ¥ç»åºäºç©ã This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. è¿ä¸ææ³æ¯1428å¹´ç±é©¬èµå
¶å¥¥ç¬¬ä¸æ¬¡ä½¿ç¨çãWhen people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene. å½äººä»¬ç¬¬ä¸æ¬¡çå°ä»çç»æ¶,è¿ä»¥ä¸ºæ¯éè¿å¢ä¸çå°æ´æ¥è§ççå®çåºæ¯,并对æ¤æ·±ä¿¡ä¸çãIf the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. å¦æ²¡æåç°éè§æ³,人们就ä¸å¯è½ç»åºå¦æ¤é¼ççç»ã By coincidence, oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. å·§åçæ¯è¿ä¸æ¶ææ²¹ç»é¢æä¹å¾å°äºåå±,å®ä½¿å¾ç»ç»çè²å½©çä¸å»æ´ä¸°å¯ãæ´æ·±æ²ã Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous. 没ææ°çé¢æåæ°ç(ç»ç»)ææ³,æ们就ä¸è½çå°å¾å¤ä½¿è¿ä¸æ¶ä»£èåçæ°ä½ã
Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)
å°è±¡æ´¾æ¶æ( 19ä¸çºªåæå°20ä¸çºªåæ)
In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. 19ä¸çºªåæ,欧洲åçäºå·¨å¤§çåå,ä»ä»¥åä¸ä¸ºä¸»ç社ä¼åæäºä»¥å·¥ä¸ä¸ºä¸»ç社ä¼ãMany people moved from the countryside to the new cities. 许å¤äººä»åæè¿å
¥å°æ°åå¸ãThere were many new inventions and social changes. æç许å¤æ°åæ,è¿æ许å¤ç¤¾ä¼åé©ãNaturally, these changes also led to new painting styles. è¿äºåé©ä¹èªç¶èç¶å°ä¿æäºæ°çç»ç»é£æ ¼ãAmong the painters who broke away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in Paris.å¨é£äºçªç ´ä¼ ç»ç»æ³çç»å®¶ä¸æçæ´»åå·¥ä½å¨æ³å½å·´é»çå°è±¡æ´¾ç»å®¶ã
The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. å°è±¡æ´¾ç»å®¶æ¯ç¬¬ä¸æ¹å®¤å¤åæ¯çç»å®¶ãThey were eager to show how light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day. ä»ä»¬æ¥åå°æ³æä¸å¤©ä¸ä¸åæ¶é´æå°å°ç©ä½ä¸çå
线åé´å½±åç°åºæ¥ãHowever, because natural light changes so quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly. ç¶èç±äºèªç¶å
çååå¾å¿«,å°è±¡æ´¾ç»å®¶ä»¬å¿
é¡»å¾å¿«å°ä½ç»,Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters. å æ¤,ä»ä»¬çç»å°±ä¸å以åé£äºç»å®¶ä»¬çç»é£æ ·ç»è´äºã At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very angry about it. èµ·å,许å¤äººé½ä¸å欢è¿ç§ç»æ³,çè³è¿æä¸å¯éãThey said that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous.ä»ä»¬è¯´è¿äºç»å®¶ä½ç»æ¶æ¼«ä¸ç»å¿ãç²æ大å¶,èä»ä»¬çä½åæ´æ¯èè°¬å¯ç¬ã
Modern Art (20th century to today) ç°ä»£èºæ¯(20ä¸çºªè³ä»)
At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial, but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we call "modern art".å¨å°è±¡æ´¾ä½åçå建åæ,å®ä»¬æ¯åå¨çäºè®®ç,ä½æ¯å¦ä»å·±è¢«äººä»¬æ¥åèæ为ç°å¨æ们æ说çâç°ä»£èºæ¯âçå§ç¥äºãThis is because the Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment in new ways. è¿æ¯å 为å°è±¡æ´¾é¼å±ç»å®¶ç¨ä¸ç§å´æ°çè§è§çå¾
ä»ä»¬çç¯å¢ãThere are scores of modern art styles, but without the Impressionists, many of these painting styles might not exist. å¦ä»,ç°ä»£èºæ¯é£æ ¼æ好å åç§,ç¶èå¦æ没æå°è±¡æ´¾,é£ä¹è¿è®¸å¤ä¸åçé£æ ¼å°±ä¸å¯è½åå¨ã On the one hand, some modern art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates on certain qualities of the object, using colour, line and shape to represent them. ä¸æ¹é¢,æäºç°ä»£èºæ¯æ¯æ½è±¡ç,ä¹å°±æ¯è¯´,ç»å®¶å¹¶ä¸æç®ææ们ç¼ççå°çä¸è¥¿å¦å®å°ç»åºæ¥,èæ¯éä¸å±ç°ç©ä½çæäºåè´¨ç¹æ§,ç¨è²å½©ã线æ¡åå½¢ç¶æå®ä»¬åç°åºæ¥ãOn the other hand, some paintings of modern art are so realistic that they look like photographs. èå¦ä¸æ¹é¢,æäºç°ä»£æ´¾çèºæ¯ä½åå´æ¯é£ä¹åå®,çä¸å»å°±åæ¯ç
§çãThese styles are so different.è¿äºé£æ ¼å¦æ¤ä¸åãWho can predict what painting styles there will be in the future?è°è½é¢è¨å°æ¥ä¼æä»ä¹æ ·çç»ç»èºæ¯é£æ ¼?
温馨提示:答案为网友推荐,仅供参考