现在进行时
标志词：am/is/are
句式：i am talking(标志词后加动词要用动名词形式+ing）
现在完成时
现在完成时表示到说话时为止（或到现在为止）已经发生或完成了（不一定结束）的动作或状态。
[编辑本段]句型
基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)
①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他
②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他
③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时的谓语动词构成
I/ we/ you/ they have been working
he/ she/ it has been working
（一）表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.
中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去）
I have been learning English since three years ago.
自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。（动作还将继续下去）
（二）表示在说话时刻之前刚刚结束的动作。
We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
我们已经等你半个钟头了。（动作不在继续下去）
（三）有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。
They have been living in this city for ten years.
They have lived in this city for ten years.
他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。
I have been working here for five years.
I have worked here for five years.
我在这里已经工作两年了。
（四）大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。
I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去）
我一直在写一本书。
I have written a book.（动作已经完成）
我已经写了一本书。
They have been building a bridge.
他们一直在造一座桥。
They have built a bridge.
他们造了一座桥。
（五）表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。
I have known him for years.
我认识他已经好几年了。
* I have been knowing...
这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love爱，like喜欢，
hate讨厌，等。
比较过去时与现在完成时
1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不确定的时间状语
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
举例：
I saw this film yesterday.
（强调看的动作发生过了。）
I have seen this film.
（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
Why did you get up so early?
（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
Who hasn't handed in his paper?
（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
She has returned from Paris.
她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years.
(在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years.
(是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
现在完成进行时 :
其构成形式如下：
I / we / they have
He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词
功用如下：
1） 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动，如：
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
2) 表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动，如：
It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下)
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.
3) 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，如：
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
4) 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响，而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身，如：
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
过去进行时
[编辑本段]概念
表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
[编辑本段]过去进行时的主要用法
1.表示过去某一时间内（正在）进行的动作
如：I was doing my homeworks at 9 o'clock p.m. last Sunday.
2.表示一动作正在进行时，另一动作同时正在进行.
如：I was reading books while he was cleaning the floor.
3.表示一个动作正在进行时，另一个动作发生了
如：he played when I was studying.
4.表示过去将要发生的动作
She told us Mr.Lee was arriving here.
5.用于故事，以提供其时间背景
6.表示礼貌
7.表示过去做过某事
[编辑本段]常用的时间状语
this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
It was raining when they left the station.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
[编辑本段]典型例题
(1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同 时，when表时间的同时性，"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。 (2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep. A.read； was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell 答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。 过去进行时的基本用法:表示过去某个时刻或时间正在进行过持续进行的动作,句中往往需要有时间状语来表示这一特定的时间. What were they doing just now? 他们刚才在干什么? ________________________________________________________________
[编辑本段]具体概念
一、 概念和用法：过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。其形式为was /were + V-ing。常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如：last night, last Saturday等；或者与when, while, as引导的过去时间状语连用。例如： We were watching TV from seven to nine last night. 昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视。 What was he researching all day last Sunday? 上周日他一整天都在研究什么？
二、 过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。如： What was she doing at nine o‘clock yesterday? 昨天晚上九点她在做什么？ (介词短语表示时间点) When I saw him he was decorating his room. 当我看见他的时候他正在装饰房间。 (when从句表示时间点)
三、 在复合句中，如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的，那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。例如： While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper.他边等车边看报。 (两个动作都是延续的) He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. 他擦车时我在做饭。(两个动作同时进行)
四、 通常不能用于过去进行时的动词主要有：agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have(拥有), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish等。
例如： 误：I was knowing the answer. 正：I knew the answer. 我知道答案。
误：I wasn‘t understanding him. 正：I didn‘t understand him. 我不明白他的意思。
[编辑本段]句型
肯定句：主语+was/were+doing+其它
否定句：主语+was/were+not+doing+其它
一般疑问句及答语：Was/Were+主语+doing+其它 答语：Yes,I was./No,I wasn't.
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+doing+其它
过去完成时
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。
它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。
具体如下：
过去完成时的基本用法
（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。可以用by,
before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。例如：
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the
spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。
（2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。例如：
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally
came.当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
（3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。例如：
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of
mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my
lesson.我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。
（4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例如：
I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。
She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。
（5）过去完成时常常用在宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如：
He said that he had known her well.他说他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
（6）在包含有when,
until等连词的复合句中，如果主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词所表示的过去动作不是同时发生的，那么先发生的动作通常用过去完成时表示。例如：
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如：
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his
English.马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。
（7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan,
intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。例如：
They had wanted to help but could not get there in
time.他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。
（8）过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc)
time (that)…等固定句型中。例如：
Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted
him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。
过去完成进行时
形式：
I （or You，He，John，They，Those men） had been studying．
770 过去完成进行时与过去完成时的用法很相近，它通常表示一个持续到过去某时的动作：
He had been waiting for two weeks． He was still waiting．（有一个表示一段时间的状语）
Up to that time he had been translating those books．（He was still translating at “that time”．）
He had been writing the letter till two o'clock．
He was now thirty years old．He had been gambling since he was ten．（He was still gambling at thirty．）
He had been standing there in the sun．（没有时间状语）
He had been thinking about his marriage．
不过这种时态并不一定表示这个过去动作将持续下去：
He came back at seven．He had been waiting for her two hours．（At seven he did not wait any more．）
He stopped swimming．He had been swimming for the last three hours．
另一方面，这种时态也和现在完成进行时一样，也可有一些特别的含义：
1）尚未完成：
He had been writing the novel．（He had not finished it yet．）
2）企图：
He had been studying the meaning of this proverb．（He was trying to study it．）
3）未得结果：
We had been studying what our enemy had said．（But we were not able to understand it．）
4）最近情况：
He had been quarrelling with his wife．（lately）
5）反复动作：
He had been asking me the same question．（Many times）
6）情绪：
What had he been doing？（不耐烦）
这种时态很少用在否定句中，而多以过去完成时代替：
He had not practised English for many years．（普通说法）
He had not been practising English for many years．（少见）
这种时态还可用在said，supposed等引起的间接引语中，代替现在完成进行时：
He said，“I have been speaking to John．”＝ He said that he had been speaking to John．
He thought，“She was watching me when I passed．”＝ He thought that she had been watching him when he had passed．
过去完成进行时经常与现在完成进行时混淆。
现在完成进行时 (The present perfect progressive) 由 have/has been +-ing 分词构成；
过去完成进行时（ The past perfect progressive tenses ）由 had been +-ing 分词构成．
现在／过去完成进行时的用法：
A. 在某段时间内一直进行的动作用现在完成进行时来强调动作在某段时间里的持续性．动作通常有”现在”的结果，要根据上下文来确定到”现在”为止，动作是否还在继续进行．同样，过去完成进行时表示在过去更早时间内进行的动作,并对过去某一时刻产生结果。
B.表示重复动作的现在／过去完成进行时
我们也可以用完成进行时形式来表示现在或过去经常重复的动作
注意：过去完成进行时和过去完成时类似，需要有过去这一时间点
参考资料：网