浅析英语中的主谓一致
我们知道,在英语的学习过程中,一个最常见的问题就是在一个句子中的主谓一致的问题,说起来很简单,所谓的主谓一致,就是指在一个句子里,句子的主语要和谓语在人称,性和数上要保持一致. 下面笔者就结合自己在教学过程中和自己学习过程中的一些体会,结合名词和代词做主语的各种情况来简单的归类总结一下其用法: (一):我们知道,名词的分类有一种就是专有名词和普通名词,其中专有名词的单复数是特定的,这里我想谈谈普通名词作主语的主谓一致情况,普通名词可分为:个体名词,集体名词,物质名词和抽象名词.其中个体名词和集体名词是属于可数名词一类,个体名词做主语时谓语用单数我们都知道, 例1): The book is very interesting. 其中有一类单复数同形的词,我们就要根据其的意义一致的原则来判断其谓语的单复数形式.表示动物的名词:sheep,deer,bison等等,表示民族或国籍的词:Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,Portuguese等等和某些以-s结尾的词:means,species,crossroads等等 例2): We have try every means,but it does not work. 但是集体名词象 family,class,group,team,band,army,club,crew,audience 等等,当其表示整体概念时,谓语动词用单数,当表示其内部的一个个成员时,谓语就用复数. 例3): Class two is on the fifth floor. Class two are unable to agree upon a monitor. 例4) The audience was enormous. The audience were enjoying minute of the play. 但是这里要注意的是:集体名词中有一类只但复数看待的词,或者我们只把它们看作复数的词,那么它们的谓语只能用复数,象:cattle,folk,people,police,youth等等,这里要提一下的是people这个词,如果它所表示的是民族的话,那么它的谓语就用单数. 例5):Every people has its own ways of living. 物质名词和抽象名词一般来说都是不可数名词,那么其对应的谓语用单数形式. 物质名词象: water,ice,wood,paper,cotten,oil等等 抽象名词象: love,hate,angry,time,death,poverty等等. (二):我们来谈谈人称代词做主语时,主谓一致的情况. 第一人称 I 做主语时谓语的Be动词用单数,第二人称You做主语时谓语得用复数,第三人称的It,He,She 做主语时谓语用第三人称单数,They做主语时谓语用复数. 以上所谈的是根据名词的分类和代词的单复数来复习一下主谓一致的最基本的用法.下面我要谈谈其他成分做主语的主谓一致情况. (三)非谓语动词的动名词和不定式,名词短语和名词从句做主语的情况,谓语用单数形式. 例6): Getting up early makes us healthy. To see is to believe. How to do it is still unknown. What he said is true. (四)表示时间,价值,距离,重量,钱财等等的词做主语时谓语用单数. 例7): Fifty years is a long time. Twenty dollars is enough. Two thousand miles is not a long diatance noe. (五)有不定代词 each,every,no,either,neither等所修饰的名词及不定代词的并列结构以及其合成代词some(any,no,every)+thing(body,one)作主语时,位于均用单数形式. 例8):Every boy and every girl is at play now. No clothes and no food is difficult to live. Someone is knocking at the door. 注 :当主语有many a 或 more than one修饰时,虽然意义上是复数形式,但是我们把它当作就近原则看待. 例9):More than one student has seen the film. Many a ship has been damaged in the storm. 比较以下两个句子,并注意其诸位一致情况有什么不同. More than one student is punished. More students than one are punished. (六)主语由the+形容词表示一类人的时候,谓语用复数形式 The+poor,rich,young,old,wounded等等 (七)主语由分数或百分数+of+名词的结构时,谓语的单复数取决于其名词的单复数,也就是所谓的意义一致的原则.一般来说,名词中心语是可数名词的复数形式的话,谓语就用复数,如果名词中心语是不可数名词的话,那么谓语就用单数. 例10): Two thirds of the earth's surface is made up of water. Two thirds of the students are girls. Half of the food is unfit to eat. Half of the people have read the novel. (八)在there be 句型中我们所采用的是就近原则.即离Be动词最近的词是单数我们就用单数,是复数我们谓语就用复数. 例11): There is a girl and two boys by the car. There are two boys and a girl by the car. (九)下面讲下诸如这类词作主语的单复数情况,象:all,such等做主语的谓语用法情况.当这类词表示人的时候谓语用复数,若表示物的时候谓语用单数. 例12):All are very happy. All of us are present. All is lost. All of the money was lost. (十)当主语是由 and 连接的在表示人的时候, 若表示身兼两职的时候,其表示的是一个人,谓语用单数,若表示两个人的时候谓语用复数,若表示一套用具的时候谓语用单数,若表示两个东西的时候,谓语同样用复数. 例13):A poet and novelist has visited our school. A poet and a novelist have visited our school. Knife and fork is on the table. Rice and vegetable is my favorite food. (十一)下面是就近原则的典型用法. (Either) A or B Neither A nor B Not only A but also B 以上这四重结构作主语时,后面的谓语与B保持一致. 例14); Either or I am wrong. Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for holidays. (十二)最后一点,也是我们在高中教学时,学生经常犯的错误.我们不妨把它当个固定结构来记一下. A with/together with/besides/but/along with/as well as B+谓语动词,这个与我们上面的第十一点不同,这里的谓语动词是与A保持一致. 例15): Tom as well as you is wrong. Nobody but John and Heken was absent. Jim tohether with his parents goes out. Jim's parents together with him are go out. 以上是本人在教学过程中结合教材和总结学生在多这一方面的题目时所犯的错,以及查阅一些语法参考资料的基础上,以我个人的理解所写出来的一点东西.还有很多没有提到,诸如:定语从句中的谓语动词与关系代词所指代的先行词保持一致,以及主语与状语逻辑主语一致的问题,以及同等成分的一致问题没有提到,由于篇幅有限,敬请原谅,不足之处还望广大同仁指出批评
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