讲一讲完成时

请分别讲一讲
1过去完成时
2过去完成进行时
3.将来完成时
4将来完成进行时
5现在完成时

包括结构,用法,显著的区别特点,提示语,例题等
不要太长,最好自己打一点
上网找的也不要太长,不要太复杂

1. 过去完成时

1) 概念:表示过去的过去
----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在

2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

注意: had no … when 还没等…… 就……
had no sooner… than 刚…… 就……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
2.过去完成进行时的构成
过去完成进行时是由"had been + 现在分词"构成。

She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.
她在考试之前一直患重感冒。

过去完成进行时的用法

①表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作。
过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始,一直延续到这一过去时间。和过去完成时一样,过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提。

I had been looking for it for days before I found it.
这东西我找了好多天才找着的。
They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.
他们只等了一会儿车就来了。

②表示反复的动作。
He had been mentioning your name to me.
他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。
You had been giving me everything.
你对我真是有求必应。

③过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中(详见第12章)。
The doctor asked what he had been eating.
医生问他吃了什么。
I asked where they had been staying all those days.
我问他们那些天是呆在哪儿的。

④过去完成进行时之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when分句。
I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in.
我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。
She'd only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her.
她温习功课才一会儿,她妹妹就打断她了。

3.将来完成时的构成
将来完成时的构成是由"shall/will + have +过去分词"构成的。
Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.
不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。
He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates.
他现在是一个有身份的人了,他可能不会记得老同学了。
Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?
到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧?

将来完成时的用法
①表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。
We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.
到这个学期末,我们将学完12个单元。
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。

②表示推测,相当于"must have done"结构。
You will have heard of this, I guess.
我想你已经听说过这件事了。
I am sure he will have got the information.
我相信他一定得到了这个信息。

注:
在时间状语从句中,不用将来完成时,要用现在完成时来代替。
When I have finished that, I shall have done all I am supposed to do.
等我做完这件事时,我就做完我该做的所有的事了。
Please don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
请等车停稳后下车。

4.将来完成进行时

形式will/shall have been+现在分词用于第一人称,而 will have

been+现在分词用于其他人称。

用法

正如将来完成时一样,它通常与一个以by开头的时间短语连用:

By the end of this year he’ll have been acting for thirty years.

到今年年底他当演员就满30年了。

将来完成进行时与将来完成时的关系和现在完成进行时与现在完成时的关系一样。即在以下情况下可以用将来完成进行时而不用将来完成时:

1 动作本身就是连续的:

By the end of the month he will have been living/working/studying here for ten years.

到了月底他在这里居住/工作/学习就满十年了。

2 一种经常进行的动作被表示为连续的动作:

By the end of this month he will have been training horses/climbing mountains for twenty years.

到了这个月底他驯马/登山就满 20年了。

但是如果提到所驯马匹或所攀登的山峰的数目,或用任何方式把动作分割为一次又一次的动作,就必须用将来完成时:

By the end of the month he will have trained 600 horses/climbed 50 mountains.

到本月底,他驯服的马就有600匹/攀登的山峰就有50座了。
5.现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense)

1. 动作发生于一个非确定的过去的时间(过去的时间并不重要或根本不知道),但它的结果仍对现在有影响.

I have read the letter, and I know what it is about.

2. 动作发生在过去,目前仍在继续或刚刚结束, 常和 "for" 加上 "一段时间", 或"since" 加上"一个确切的过去的时间" 连用.

a) "for" 用于过去的一段时间. (动词必须是可以延续的)

He has been there for six months. 她去那儿有6个月了。

(直到现在)

He went there 6 months ago.

He has never been there. 他从来都没去过那里。(直到现在)

b) "since" 用于过去的一个确切的时间, 意思是"从那时一直到现在", 总是和完成时一齐用, 而且不能省略. (主句动词必须是可以延续的)

Tim has been in Nantong since January. 自从1月份以来他一直都在南通。(现在仍在南通)
注意: "since" 后面的确切的过去的时间也可以是一个含有过去时的从句.

He has been interested in collecting coins since he was a child.

他打小时侯起就对收集硬币感兴趣。(现在还是如此)

c) 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在.)

Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。

I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。

3. 刚刚完成的动作.

I've just got a letter from my brother.

4. "already" 用于现在完成时的肯定句中, "yet" 用于现在完成时的否定句和疑问句中

He has (already) visited many places in China. (already)

He has come back now. Have you ever been to Australia?

注意 "already" 在句中的两种位置.

The train hasn't arrived yet.火车(到现在)还没有到。

Has she arrived yet? 她已经到了吗?Hasn't he come yet? 她还没来吗?

I haven't been very successful so far.我一直都没有成功。

注意: "have been"(去过) 和 "have gone"(去了) 的区别:

He has gone to Beijing . (He is there or is on his way there.)

He has been to Shanghai . (He was there once, but he is not there now.)

5. 当现在完成时句中无时间状语, 它只是指一个简单的已经完成的动作

I've cleaned the sitting-room. 我已把起居室打扫过了。(已完成了工作)

6. 现在完成时可以用来表示一个反复发生的动作.

He has rung me up five times today. (五次分隔的行为)

希望对你有用!!加油哦!!
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第1个回答  2007-02-08
1.过去完成时

1) 概念:表示过去的过去
----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在

2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此
前一句应用过去进行时。

注意: had no … when 还没等…… 就……
had no sooner… than 刚…… 就……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.

2.过去完成进行时:
形式:

I (or You,He,John,They,Those men) had been studying.

过去完成进行时与过去完成时的用法很相近,它通常表示一个持续到过去某时的动作:

He had been waiting for two weeks. He was still waiting.(有一个表示一段时间的状语)

Up to that time he had been translating those books.(He was still translating at “that time”.)

He had been writing the letter till two o'clock.

He was now thirty years old.He had been gambling since he was ten.(He was still gambling at thirty.)

He had been standing there in the sun.(没有时间状语)

He had been thinking about his marriage.

不过这个时态并不一定表示这个过去动作将持续下去:

He came back at seven.He had been waiting for her two hours.(At seven he did not wait any more.)

He stopped swimming.He had been swimming for the last three hours.

另一方面,这个时态也和现在完成进行时一样,也可有一些特别的含义:

1)尚未完成:

He had been writing the novel.(He had not finished it yet.)

2)企图:

He had been studying the meaning of this proverb.(He was trying to study it.)

3)未得结果:

We had been studying what our enemy had said.(But we were not able to understand it.)

4)最近情况:

He had been quarrelling with his wife.(lately)

5)反复动作:

He had been asking me the same question.(Many times)

6)情绪:

What had he been doing?(不耐烦)

这个时态很少用在否定句中,而多以过去完成时代替:

He had not practised English for many years.(普通说法)

He had not been practising English for many years.(少见)

这个时态还可用在said,supposed等引起的间接引语中,代替现在完成进行时:

He said,“I have been speaking to John.”= He said that he had been speaking to John.

He thought,“She was watching me when I passed.”= He thought that she had been watching him when he had passed.

3.将来完成时
用法:
动词型 will/shall have +过去分词

系表型 will/shall have been + 表语

将来完成时指预见或计划将来某时刻之前已完成的动作,或已存在的状态.

A 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。

B 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成

的动作或一获得的经验。

You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.

明天早上这个时候你就到上海了.

You will have finished this grammar book by the end of this semester.

到本学期末你们就已学完这本语法了.

C 在以if,unless,when,before,after,as soon as等连

词引起的状语从句中,通常都以现在完成时代替这个时态:

I intend to go to college after I have completed my highschool course.

You will like the book after you have read it.

4.将来完成进行时:
将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用,也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。

1) 构成will / be going to do sth.
2) 概念
a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
将来完成时的构成
将来完成时的构成是由"shall/will + have +过去分词"构成的。
Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.
不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。
He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates.
他现在是一个有身份的人了,他可能不会记得老同学了。
Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?
到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧?

将来完成时的用法
①表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。
We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.
到这个学期末,我们将学完12个单元。
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。

②表示推测,相当于"must have done"结构。
You will have heard of this, I guess.
我想你已经听说过这件事了。
I am sure he will have got the information.
我相信他一定得到了这个信息。

5.现在完成时:
现在完成时由have的人称形式加过去分词构成。它的肯定、否定及疑问形式可表示如下:

2.现在完成时的用法

现在完成时表示到现在为止以前发生的动作或情况,可以是:

1)到现在为止的这一时期中发生的情况(可能是多少动作的总和,也可表示状态和习惯性的动作)。例如:

①How many pages have you covered today?你今天看了多少页?

②I haven't seen him for many days.好些天没见到他了。

2)对现状有影响的某一已发生的动作。例如:

Thank you,I've had my supper.谢谢你,我已吃过晚饭了。

3)这个时态的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系;或是讲迄今为止这一段时间的情况,或是讲一个影响现状的动作,这样它不是从时间上就是从后果上和现在联系起来了。根据这个特点我们可以判断什么时候用一般过去时,什么时候用现在完成时:

①当有一个表示过去某时的状语时,不能用现在完成时,而多用一般过去时。

②当有一个表示到现在为止这段时间的状语时,多用现在完成时。

③在用 already, yet, just, as yet, ever, never这类副词作状语时,常用现在完成时。

④在单纯谈一个过去的动作,不涉及它对现在的影响时,通常用一般过去时;如果谈一件已发生的事,不考虑它是什么时候发生的,而主要考虑对现在的影响,则多用现在完成时。某些动词的现在完成时可表示一直继续到现在的状态,特别是动词,常常这样用:

He's been back for three days.他回来三天了。(不能用 has come back)

We've been up for two hours.我们已起来两个钟头了。(不能用 have got up)

⑤现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去。常用for和since表示一段时间的状语或so far, now, today, this week (month, year)等表示包括现在时间在内的状语。例如:

He has studied English for 5 years.他已经学五年英语了。

He has studied English since 1985.自 1985年起他就学英语。

Now I have finished the work.现在我已经做完工作了。

⑥表示短暂时间动作的词,如:come,go,did,marry,but等的完成时不能与for等表示一段时间的词连用。

⑦have been(to)常可用来表示“到过(某地)”或“刚去做过某事”。例如:

We've been there many times.我们去过那儿很多次。

这里不能用go和come,因为这样就说明现在还在那里。
第2个回答  2007-02-08
一、从结构上区别
现在完成时:主语 + have / has + 过去分词 (肯定式)
主语 + have / has + not + 过去分词 (否定式)
Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词 (疑问式)

过去完成时:主语 + had + 过去分词 (肯定式)
主语 +had + not + 过去分词 (否定式)
Had + 主语 + 过去分词 (疑问式)

(二)从时间状语区别
现在完成时: 常用的时间状语包括 “now, today, tonight, this week, this year, already, yet, just, recently…etc”。
过去完成时: 常用的时间状语包括 “by, at, before等构成的短语”。
注意:当表示一段时间,现在完成时和过去完成时都可以用for 或since引导的状语。
例如:Have you had your lunch yet? 你吃午饭了吗?
Yes, I have . I’ve just had it. 是的,我刚吃完。
I have had a clock now. 我现在有一个闹钟了。
Have you already posted the photos? 你把照片寄走了吗?
The meeting had begun when we got there. 我们到那儿时,会议已经开始了。
We had learned about 5000English words by the end of last term.
到上学期末我们已经学了5000个英语单词。
They had done the work at five o’clock. 在五点钟的时候他们已经完成了那项工作。
I’ve known Li Lei for three years. 我认识李蕾已经三年了。
I have worked here since ten years ago. 自从十年前我就在这工作。
We had not heard from him since we left here. 自从我们离开以来一直没有收到他的来信。
They had then been without sleep for twenty-four hours.这时他们已经有24个小时没有合眼了。
(三)使用时注意事项
使用现在完成时应该注意:
1.“ have/ has got ”形式上是一种完成时,但和have/ has 为同一意义,即 “有”。
例如:Have you got a pen-friend? 你有笔友吗?
Yes, I have. 是的,我有。
Has he got a lot of work to do? 他有许多工作要做吗?
No, he hasn’t. 不,他没有。
2. have/ has gone to 与 have/has been to 的区别
have/ has gone to 强调“去而未归”; have/ has been to 强调“去而归还”。 have/ has
been to常和once, twice, never, ever连用; have/ has gone to则不可。例如:
— Have Jack ever been to Beijing? 杰克去过北京吗?
— Yes, he’s been there several times. 是的,他去过好几次了。
— Where have Mary and Tom gone? 玛丽和汤姆去哪里了?
— They’ve gone to London. 他们去伦敦了。
3.非延续性动词不能用于“现在完成时 + 表示一段时间的状语”的句型中。
这类动词有:come, go, start, leave, die, buy, finish, join, borrow, stop等。但它们能够
用表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的终止性动词。例如:
arrive, come → be here, be in
begin, start → be on
buy → have
die → be dead
fall asleep(ill) → be asleep (ill)
finish, end → be over
get to know → know
get up → be up
go out → be out
join → be in , be a + 名词
leave, move → be away, be out of
使用过去完成时应该注意:
如果两个动作紧接着发生,则常常不用过去完成时。例如:
When she came into the room, she found them sitting together singing.
她进屋时看见他们坐在一起唱歌。
After we said good-bye to our friends, we left the village.
在和朋友告别之后我们就离开村子。
第3个回答  2007-02-08
概念:表示过去的过去
----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
一、 什么叫过去完成时?它是怎样构成的?

过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,也可能是早已完成或结束,即“过去的过去”;也可以指过去的动作延续到过去的某个时刻。
过去完成时由“had +动词的过去分词”构成, had通常用于任何人称。

二、 过去完成时有哪些用法?

过去完成时主要有以下几点用法:
1. 表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态。句中常用by, before, when, until等词引导的时间状语。它是以过去某一时间为起点,所以过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是“过去的过去”。只有和过去某时间或某动作相比较时才能用到它。例如:
Most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 当他到达晚会时,他发现大多数客人已经离开了。

2.过去完成时还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去,常与for, since等词连用。例如:
When Jack arrived, he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour. 当杰克到时,他得知玛丽已经离开快一个小时了。

3. 用于并列句:一个并列句用的是过去式,如果另一个并列句表示的动作早于过去式这一动作,这时需用过去完成时。例如:
Tom flew home, but his father had already died.汤姆乘飞机回家,他的父亲却已经去世了。

4. 某些动词的过去完成时表示过去未实现的希望、计划或打算。常用的动词有hope, expect, suppose, think, want, wish等。例如:
They had hoped to be able to arrive before ten. 他们本来打算能在10点之前到达。

5. 在before, after, as soon as等引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间先后,所以可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。

过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时与过去完成时的用法很相近,它通常表示一个持续到过去某时的动作:

将来完成时

1) 构成will / be going to do sth.
2) 概念
a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。

将来完成进行时

1.将来完成进行时表示从某时刻开始到将来某时刻前一直进行,并可能继续进行的动作。

2.将来完成进行时的形式是shall(will)+have+been+现在分词。

I will have been waiting for three hours when the train finally arrives.
当火车到来时我将已经等候三个小时了。
arrives在时间状语从句中用现在表示未来。
动作到那时已结束。

By September 8, she will have been living here for ten years.
到九月八号,她住在这里就将满十年了。
动作到那时仍将继续。

现在完成时

1.现在完成时的概念

现在完成时由have的人称形式加过去分词构成。它的肯定、否定及疑问形式可表示如下:

2.现在完成时的用法

现在完成时表示到现在为止以前发生的动作或情况,可以是:

1)到现在为止的这一时期中发生的情况(可能是多少动作的总和,也可表示状态和习惯性的动作)。例如:

①How many pages have you covered today?你今天看了多少页?

②I haven't seen him for many days.好些天没见到他了。

2)对现状有影响的某一已发生的动作。例如:

Thank you,I've had my supper.谢谢你,我已吃过晚饭了。

3)这个时态的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系;或是讲迄今为止这一段时间的情况,或是讲一个影响现状的动作,这样它不是从时间上就是从后果上和现在联系起来了。根据这个特点我们可以判断什么时候用一般过去时,什么时候用现在完成时:

①当有一个表示过去某时的状语时,不能用现在完成时,而多用一般过去时。

②当有一个表示到现在为止这段时间的状语时,多用现在完成时。

③在用 already, yet, just, as yet, ever, never这类副词作状语时,常用现在完成时。

④在单纯谈一个过去的动作,不涉及它对现在的影响时,通常用一般过去时;如果谈一件已发生的事,不考虑它是什么时候发生的,而主要考虑对现在的影响,则多用现在完成时。某些动词的现在完成时可表示一直继续到现在的状态,特别是动词,常常这样用:

He's been back for three days.他回来三天了。(不能用 has come back)

We've been up for two hours.我们已起来两个钟头了。(不能用 have got up)

⑤现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去。常用for和since表示一段时间的状语或so far, now, today, this week (month, year)等表示包括现在时间在内的状语。例如:

He has studied English for 5 years.他已经学五年英语了。

He has studied English since 1985.自 1985年起他就学英语。

Now I have finished the work.现在我已经做完工作了。

⑥表示短暂时间动作的词,如:come,go,did,marry,but等的完成时不能与for等表示一段时间的词连用。

⑦have been(to)常可用来表示“到过(某地)”或“刚去做过某事”。例如:

We've been there many times.我们去过那儿很多次。

这里不能用go和come,因为这样就说明现在还在那里。
第4个回答  2007-02-12
过去完成时,他主要就是过去的过去,就是前面已经有一个过去时了!!提示语主要是 yet already
when you come here, We had had three girl friends
这就是过去的过去 我只能帮助你到这了
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