被动语态什么意思

Question

如题所述

Answer 1

俄语动词的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。相对主动语态而言，被动语态强调的是动作的承受者或结果，或使役的对象，或情感所及的事物。在被动语态里，主动语态里的第四格补语和主语，分别转化为主语和第五格的补语，但如果不强调动作的执行者时，第五格的补语常常省略，尤其是在口语中。
被动态的动词的形态标志是，这时的主语往往是非动物名词，如果是动物名词，用得比较少，只有一些特定意义的动词可以用于被动语态。
被动语态的动词一般不用完成体，如果表示完成体的意义，可以用完成体的过去时被动形动词来表示。只有一些描写自然现象的动词，它们的被动态可以用完成体。被动语态的动词也可以有无人称的用法。

Answer 2

被动语态常由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。被动语态可以用于各种时态，但较常用的有下列十种：
1）现在一般时
（3）Xiao Wang, you are wanted in the office. 小王，办公室有事找你。
（4）I am not so easily deceived. 我不是轻易上当受骗的。
2）过去一般时
（5）I was invited to the concert. 我应邀参加了音乐会。
（6）Our house was built in 1969. 我们家的房子建于1969年。
3）将来一般时
（7）We hope that an agreement will be arrived at. 我们希望会达成一项协议。
（8）This matter will be looked into in the future. 这件事将来是要查明的。
4）过去将来一般时
（9）He said that the bridge would be built next year. 他说这座桥明年将建成。
（10）Another half-hour and all doors would be locked—all lights extinguished. 再过半小时，所有的门都要上锁—所有的灯都要熄灭。
5）现在完成时
（11）My car has been repaired. 我的汽车已修好了。
（12）The party has been planned since the new year. 这聚会自新年起就已筹划了。
6）过去完成时
（13）The portieres that hung across the folding doors had been taken down for the summer. 折门上面的门帘夏天已经取下来。
（14）Tootie looked at the lanterns that had been lighted and placed near the opening. 图蒂望着那些已经点着并放在洞口附近的提灯。
7）将来完成时
（15）The new books will have been entered in the register before another parcel arrives. 这些新书在下一批书到来前将登记完毕。
（16）This class will have been taught by Mr. Brown for two years by next summer. 到明年夏天，这个班将由布朗先生教毕二年了。
8）过去将来完成时
（17）The headmaster said the article would been completed translated by six o’clock. 校长说这篇文章将在6点钟以前翻译完毕。
（18）He said that the bridge would have been completed before July. 他说这桥将于7月前完成。
9）现在进行时
（19）This question is being discussed at the meeting. 这个问题正在会上讨论。
（20）The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 孩子们现在正由姑母照看着。
10）过去进行时
（21）When I called, tea was being served. 我来拜访时，正值上茶之际。
（22）With his fingers, he gently searched the crown and brim of his hat to be sure it wasn’t being crushed. 他用手指轻轻地摸找帽顶和帽边，以肯定它没有被压坏。
[注一]完成进行时态一般不用被动语态。它们的被动意义可用完成时态来表示，如He has been being examined.（他已被考过。）一般应代之以He has been examined。将来进行时与过去将来进行时一般也不用被动语态。其被动意义可用一般时态来表示，如He will be being examined while we are there.（他将在我们在那里时被考。）可代之以He will be examined while we are there。
[注二]关于非限定动词的被动语态见本书第十章有关各节。
被动语态除常用be加过去分词构成外，还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用在口语中，后面一般不接by短语。如：
（23）Hundreds of people get killed every year by traffic on the roads. 每年都几百人死于道路交通事故。
（24）The boy got hurt on his way to school. 这男孩在上学的路上受伤了。
被动语态可含有情态动词，其结构是“情态动词+be+过去分词”。如：
（25）This must be done as soon as possible. 这件事必须尽快做。
（26）What’s done cannot be undone. 覆水难收。被动语态常由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。被动语态可以用于各种时态，但较常用的有下列十种：
1）现在一般时
（3）Xiao Wang, you are wanted in the office. 小王，办公室有事找你。
（4）I am not so easily deceived. 我不是轻易上当受骗的。
2）过去一般时
（5）I was invited to the concert. 我应邀参加了音乐会。
（6）Our house was built in 1969. 我们家的房子建于1969年。
3）将来一般时
（7）We hope that an agreement will be arrived at. 我们希望会达成一项协议。
（8）This matter will be looked into in the future. 这件事将来是要查明的。
4）过去将来一般时
（9）He said that the bridge would be built next year. 他说这座桥明年将建成。
（10）Another half-hour and all doors would be locked—all lights extinguished. 再过半小时，所有的门都要上锁—所有的灯都要熄灭。
5）现在完成时
（11）My car has been repaired. 我的汽车已修好了。
（12）The party has been planned since the new year. 这聚会自新年起就已筹划了。
6）过去完成时
（13）The portieres that hung across the folding doors had been taken down for the summer. 折门上面的门帘夏天已经取下来。
（14）Tootie looked at the lanterns that had been lighted and placed near the opening. 图蒂望着那些已经点着并放在洞口附近的提灯。
7）将来完成时
（15）The new books will have been entered in the register before another parcel arrives. 这些新书在下