第1个回答 2009-10-17
Isaac Newton (1642-1727), a mathematician and physicist, the most important of all the time is one of the science of intellectuals. The author was born near grantham thorpe, in lincolnshire, his school, he entered the university of Cambridge in, he was elected 1661 trinity college researcher in 1669 Lucas in 1667 and professor of mathematics. He is still in the university, in most years, until in 1696. One in Cambridge, Newton in his creativity, he picked the 1665 - in 1666 (mainly used in lincolnshire. "my age for inventions in Cambridge, mainly because of the plague. In two to three years of hard work, he strong psychological preparation of natural philosophy mathematical theory of natural philosophy, mathematics principle (often called), in principle, although this is just published in 1687.
As king James ii tried to make the institution, the Catholic university of enterprises in Cambridge, England Newton was elected to congress of the congress, and in 1689 convention in 1702 to sit in 1701. At the same time, in in 1696, he was transferred to the royal London's mint. He became master of sixteen nineteen, he retained a mint, its death. Offices, He was elected to the royal society of London, and researchers in 1671 tsar annually, is inaugurated as President he again for the rest of his life. His main works, optical, appeared in Cambridge, he is next in 1705.
Because of the increasingly accepted scientific Newton continent, especially after the comprehensive peace is in 1714 recovery after the Spanish succession wars, Newton became the most respected European natural philosophers. His final years, we through the modification of his major works, polish ancient history research, and to defend themselves, and to criticism of his duties. Newton modesty, lack of confidence, and simple tastes. He was enraged criticism and oppose, and critical to the enemy, and his friends of generosity. In the government and in the royal society, he proved to be a competent administrative. He never married, mild, but in Westminster Abbey very grand burial.
Newton has been regarded as a modern physics of nearly 300 sample was in experimental studies in mathematics as investigating these innovation achievements. With the same, if not more, energy and creativity, he got to the chemical, the early history of western civilization, theology, is one of the special research, shape and size of the investigation, as described in the bible, Solomon temple in Jerusalem.
Two optical
In 1664, although still students read, Newton Boyle and Robert hooker, he also studied French philosopher and mathematics and physics, scientists cartesian British physicist optical and recent work. His glass prism of refraction of light, in a few years of development, the fine linen, and of the experiments, Newton discovered measurable phenomenon in colour, the mathematical model. He found that light color is a diverse mixture in the rainbow and X-ray spectrum (list), every ray is through it in a transparent enter or leave the Angle of refraction. His research, the concept of his film interference color (for example, oil to water, or use a bubble), the simple technologies, extreme keen to measure the film thickness. He thinks, given tiny particle composition. From his experiment, he can be inferred transparent "composed of particles, and according to its size, so the interaction with white, reflect the extent of choice, and the different colors of the surface.
These thoughts, Newton non-traditional about 1668 years, when the first couple (part) in public, concise, and 1675 in 1672, they instigate hostile criticism, mainly because the color is believed to be the modification of the white uniform form. Suspicion and Newton's defence, was printed in academic journals. Notable is, the huygens doubt and French physicist Iraq Dan horse marriott not repeat in 1681 years of experiments of Newton reflects the mainland, he scientist. In optical daqo publications, mainly is written by 1692, delayed until the death of Newton's criticism. This book is still not perfect: diffraction of Newton's defeat. However, optical daqo foothold, from about 1715, as a model of quantitative analysis and theoretical intertwined.
Three mathematics
In mathematics also appeared early brilliant student notes of Newton. He may be learned in school, but he always geometry itself, of course, for oneself through studying the works of his countrymen LeiDeHe otlet walid John William and Descartes and Dutch school advanced. Newton to all branches of mathematics, and then studied, but his contribution to the solutions, especially in the curve drawing thread (differentiation and integration of curve (within) analysis of famous contemporary problem determination geometry. Newton found that these problems not only, but he found inverse method to solve the problem of general curvature in his "flow count method" and the "hug reflux method", equivalent to lai bunni Bates later calculus. Newton use "flow" (from Latin for mean "flow"), because he thought of "flow" from a magnitude to another. Have poured several algebra, if the difference of bunni, but also widely used in Newton (especially in principle) of similar geometry parameters. Later, Newton said recent progress in mathematics, more like algebra style that classical Greek, he thinks, the more clearly the geometric method more strictly.
Newton's work of pure mathematics is hidden, but actually he's all journalists in 1704, until he published, optical, pair of orthogonal curves (integrated) and three times the classification of curve, another. His lecture, Cambridge, provide about 1673-1683 union joins in, is published.
Calculus priority disputes
Newton by the great number of flow of the essence of method. The first one is about people from other mathematicians, privately, and he is in in 1668 fusion method of infinite series. 1675 in Paris in lai bunni Bates independent development of his differential first, summarizes 1677 Newton. Newton has described his math found some lai bunni, but does not include the number of his flow. In 1684 lai bunni Bates calculus, he made the first paper, a small group of for mathematicians picked up his idea.
In 1690 Newton's friend announced the number of flow Newton method of priority. Lai bunni Bates supporters claim he alerted finite difference method, Newton, although no matter it's claim. Newtonians alleges that the correct, this lai bunni saw Isaac Newton's visit to London during the years in 1676, in reality, did not take any lai bunni Bates on several materials. Notice files Arise, o violence disputes, part of private citizens, expand to Newton's theory of gravity and about god and his creation of the idea, it does not end attacks lai bunni mainz in 1716, and even death. The dispute of delaying Newton science from the mainland, share a century of colleagues studied the British mathematician discouraged.
Four, mechanics and gravity
According to the story, this is known in the orchard see at a certain time period, 1665 or in 1666, Newton, equally authentic jurisdiction moon and apple apple bill. He must hold on the moon orbit computation of strength and power, for the ground. He also held high force calculation to hang a piece of stone, and between the length of the pendulum swing and the relationship of time. These early exploration, is not in the short-term use Newton, but he studied astronomy and planetary motion.
With the backing (1679) - 168 to redirect the communication from the central power of Newton inverse distance square, due to the change of the path problem, he decided it is an ellipse, therefore, notice in 1684 haley in August. Hadley's interest, Newton, a proof to the brief, finally wrote mechanics principle.
The principle of mechanics in library science foundation for their development, orbiting round the force mathematical center. Newton identified as the basic control objects gravitation of sports. He didn't find it. In order to contemporary who discovered the blank don't understand attractions across ideas, he admitted that they might prove by to see the impact of particles.
The second volume of the ceremony by Newton's theory of fluid flow in solution, fluid movement and the problems of motion. From the air density, he calculates the speed of sound.
The third book shows, in the universe work of gravitation, Newton, six known planets from the revolution, it includes the earth and its satellites. However, he never very perfect moon bill difficult theory. Comets are showed obey the same law, in later editions, Newton returned to the possibility of their images. He calculated from their bodies of gravity, earth and relatively flat rate, Jupiter observed. He explained the tides and flow from the sun and the moon, and the strength of locations precession. All this is through the accurate calculation.
The work is Newtonian mechanics once accepted, common in Britain after half a century. Since then, was awarded the mankind's greatest achievements of abstract thinking. This is to expand and improve others, especially Pierre, not changing Laplace Simon, and become the basis of late 19th century began to appear, signs of failure. See, the theory of relativity quantum theory.
V alchemy and chemistry
Newton leave alchemy and chemical subject large-scale manuscripts, and closely related issues. Most books, dictionaries, bibliography, but there are many extract etc are original. He started in 1669 by dense test, until he left Cambridge, trying to solve this meaning, he hopes in alchemy and obscure mysteries hidden. He asked all material properties and structure of solid, hard to permeate, Marcy, portable particle, "he believed god created the understanding. The most important is "to" extra ", "optical daqo inquires prose" theory and the nature of the acid (1710), published a Newton's theory of incomplete chemical power, conceal his alchemists, this is called a century later, he died of exploration.
Six, history and chronology research
Newton is not have math and science learning more books, he studied deeply. He has published "classic", in the future scholia principle of the explanatory notes, use knowledge of his former Socrates said he has read philosophy, the church even further. Newton's trying to reconcile Greek mythology and records of the bible, review about the main power on the history of early man. At his age, he promised the jews and of the pagan date compatible, and from the earliest signs of about repairing the astronomical Greek design parameters, they absolutely. He put in approximately 500 years ago, commercial, than other scholars, isn't this Trojan welcome.
Seven, religious belief and personality
Newton also wrote the jewish Christian prophecy, its decryption is essential to god, he thinks, the understanding. He to this problem, this is the book to reprint the Victorian era, represents a lifelong learning. It is, in the direction of Christianity in the 4th century, when the first Olympic council of Asia propounded the properties of the error theory of Christ. Newton's unorthodox severity is admitted to only in this century, though, we accept criticism and the doctrine of the trinity Asia archduke conference, he has deep religious sense, respect of the bible, and accept the create account. In his book, he said later versions scientific nature of god providence function strong sense of responsibility.
Eighth publications
Newton published in 1672 in Germany geographers valencia Newcastle's geography canna version. In his letter to the optical appeared in 1672 in printing 1676. Then he released to what principle (published in 1867 in Latin America, in in 1713 and c. 1726 revision; and translated into English, in in 1729). Next year, the optical daqo in 1704 one in Latin America, in 1706 in revision. After the death of the publication of the works, including ancient kingdoms fixed (1728), in the world (1728) system, in the third book chronology principle and draft Daniel prophecy and John (1733) revelation.
第2个回答 2009-10-25
牛顿的英文介绍
English physicist and mathematician who was born into a poor farming family. Luckily for humanity, Newton was not a good farmer, and was sent to Cambridge to study to become a preacher. At Cambridge, Newton studied mathematics, being especially strongly influenced by Euclid, although he was also influenced by Baconian and Cartesian philosophies. Newton was forced to leave Cambridge when it was closed because of the plague, and it was during this period that he made some of his most significant discoveries. With the reticence he was to show later in life, Newton did not, however, publish his results.
Newton suffered a mental breakdown in 1675 and was still recovering through 1679. In response to a letter from Hooke, he suggested that a particle, if released, would spiral in to the center of the Earth. Hooke wrote back, claiming that the path would not be a spiral, but an ellipse. Newton, who hated being bested, then proceeded to work out the mathematics of orbits. Again, he did not publish his calculations. Newton then began devoting his efforts to theological speculation and put the calculations on elliptical motion aside, telling Halley he had lost them (Westfall 1993, p. 403). Halley, who had become interested in orbits, finally convinced Newton to expand and publish his calculations. Newton devoted the period from August 1684 to spring 1686 to this task, and the result became one of the most important and influential works on physics of all times, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) (1687), often shortened to Principia Mathematica or simply "the Principia."
In Book I of Principia, Newton opened with definitions and the three laws of motion now known as Newton's laws (laws of inertia, action and reaction, and acceleration proportional to force). Book II presented Newton's new scientific philosophy which came to replace Cartesianism. Finally, Book III consisted of applications of his dynamics, including an explanation for tides and a theory of lunar motion. To test his hypothesis of universal gravitation, Newton wrote Flamsteed to ask if Saturn had been observed to slow down upon passing Jupiter. The surprised Flamsteed replied that an effect had indeed been observed, and it was closely predicted by the calculations Newton had provided. Newton's equations were further confirmed by observing the shape of the Earth to be oblate spheroidal, as Newton claimed it should be, rather than prolate spheroidal, as claimed by the Cartesians. Newton's equations also described the motion of Moon by successive approximations, and correctly predicted the return of Halley's Comet. Newton also correctly formulated and solved the first ever problem in the calculus of variations which involved finding the surface of revolution which would give minimum resistance to flow (assuming a specific drag law).
Newton invented a scientific method which was truly universal in its scope. New本回答被提问者采纳
第3个回答 2009-10-19
I. Biography Newton (1643-1727) is a famous British physicist, mathematician and astronomer, is the seventeenth century's greatest scientific giants.
January 4, 1643 (Julian calendar December 25, 1642) Newton was born in Lincolnshire, England, a small town乌尔斯索普farm families. 12-year-old into the home near Grantham School. Newton in 1661 to reduce the fee status of students entering Trinity College, Cambridge, 1664 became a scholarship in 1665 received a bachelor's degree.
1665 ~ 1666 London epidemic. Cambridge, not far from London, in order to spread fear, the school closed. Newton was in June 1665 returned home乌尔斯索普.
Newton returned to Cambridge in 1667, was elected October 1 Trinity College Institute of Zhong Lu, the following year was elected March 16 are hospital companion. Barrow right time in order to have full understanding of Newton's. October 27, 1669 Barrow, it gave only 26-year-old Newton to succeed him as Lucasian professor.
In 1672 he has been admitted as members of the Royal Society, in 1703 was elected President of the Royal Society
Newton in 1696 finding a mint supervisory positions, in 1699 he was promoted to director and in 1701 resigned from the work of the University of Cambridge. Knighted in 1705.
Newton in his later years suffered from bladder stones, rheumatism and other diseases, on March 30, 1727 died in London on the night, buried in West Church, died at 84. People to commemorate the Newton, specially named in his power unit, referred to as "buffalo."
Second, scientific achievements
Newton's lifetime contribution to the cause of science, covering physics, mathematics and astronomy and other fields.
1. Newton's most important achievements in physics, is the creation of a basic system of classical mechanics to light the history of physics became the first major comprehensive.
2 £? For optics, Newton is committed to light the nature of color and light studies, also made a significant contribution.
3 £? Newton in mathematics, summed up and developed the work of their predecessors, proposed the "flow counting method" and founded the binomial theorem, the creation of calculus.
4 £? In astronomy, Newton discovered the law of gravity, created a reflecting telescope, and use it to initially observed the laws of planetary motion.
Newton in the 17th century, designed to telescope 70 years. It is generally known as the reflecting telescope, the effect is far better than that designed by the famous Galileo refracting telescope.
Third, anecdotal
A £? Landing on the story of Apple's
An accidental event can often trigger a scientist thinking flash.
This is the 1666 late summer evening a Wenai in England Lincolnshire乌尔斯索普, a book under his arm a young man walked into his mother's house in the garden, sitting under a tree, began to buried read his book. When he was flipping the pages, he was head of the branch there shaking things up. A history of the most famous apple fall down, hit 23-year-old Isaac Newton's head
Happen to be in that day, Newton was hard to think of a question: What is it that makes the moon around the earth keep running track, and to keep the planet in its orbit around the sun? Why are only the apple hit his head will fall to the floor? It is from consideration of the issue, he has found the answers to these - theory of gravitation.
Since Newton's "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica," a book is the Euclidean geometry used in the way of explanation, it is a tight, perfect system, the book does not describe the story of Apple's fall, leading many people fall apples one that expressed reservations.
In fact, Newton's relatives and friends on many occasions confirmed that the story of Apple's fall. French writers, scientists, Voltaire had remembered, but he died in the year before Newton's, that is to go to England in 1726, listening to Newton's step-sister said, one day, Newton was lying under the apple tree, suddenly saw an apple fall caused his thinking. Newton had an idea, the brain suddenly to form a view: apples fall and planets around the day will not be dominated by the same law of the universe from? Understand this law of universal gravitation.
Newton in his later years a close friend of Sri Lanka dockray also clearly mentioned that, in April 1726 one day, and Newton, after lunch, went to Newton's home and garden together, and in tea under the apple tree. In his talk, "he said (referring to Newton's) told me that it is in the past under the same conditions, pay attention to the idea of gravity in his mind, it is in the apple tree, under the accidental, when he was in meditation and reflection into. "
There are also a close friend of Newton in his later years in the Remembrance of Pan Burton Newton's writings, also touched on Apple's fall caused by the gravitational inverse-square relationship between certification story.
Newton in his later years about that time again, Apple's story, it is from Apple's fall was already 60 years have passed, why the memory of an old man on this issue so profound, I think there are two reasons: first, because the law of universal gravitation is a remarkable The stellar results, the parties to the triggering event is of course deeply inspired by the excitement and miss; followed the dispute with Hooke also left a deep memory of Newton from one side to clarify the truth, should be considered as an apple fall that fact is established.
2. Unreasoning passion for scientific research
Newton's scientific focus to the infatuation stage. Newton said to have a boiled egg, while he was reading while working, unwittingly thrown into the pot to a pocket watch, and so boiled to open after the Uncovery a look, before we know the wrong to watch as eggs cooked. On another occasion