英语中过去分词的用法问题

Question

请教几个过去分词的用法。
1、We use some material provied by the new factory.
这句话中provied是什么用法。
2、A refers to the difference between B and C caused by the problem of instrument.
这句话中caused by是什么语法，修饰的是那个名词(A,B还是C)。

Answer 1

1.过去分词用于被动语态中，结构是be+过去分词；如:The car was cleaned by my father this afternoon.
2.过去分词用于现在完成时中，结构是have/has+过去分词； 如:Tony has already finished the task.
3.过去分词用于过去完成时中，结构是had+过去分词；如:They had killed 100 elephants by the end of last year.
4.过去分词或过去分词短语还可以做后置定语，表示被动。如:a nice photo taken by his brother (他哥哥拍的一张很好看的照片）taken by his brother做photo的后置定语，表示“照片”是被“他哥哥”拍的。

Answer 2

都是被动语态做（后置）定语的用法，第二句修饰的是A（difference）

Answer 3

1：被动，后置定语
2：被动，后置定语，difference本回答被提问者采纳