第1个回答 2010-09-09
1、一般现在时的用法
当主语是第三人称单数时,行为动词有以下变化:
a:一般动词在词尾加- s
b: 以字母 s, x, ch, sh, o结尾的动词加-es
c: 以辅+y 结尾的动词,去y,加-ies
变形:1.(主语为第三人称时)否定句在动词前面用助动词does + not = doesn't, 这时行为动词用原形,一般疑问句在句首加助动词does,这时后面的行为动词用原形。
e.g: She likes apples.(肯定句)
She doesn't like bananas.(否定句) Does she like oranges?(一般疑问句)
2.(主语不为第三人称时)当谓语是行为动词时,否定句,疑问句中要加助动词do。
e.g: Do you like Chinese food? 你喜欢中国食品吗?
We don't have any classes on Sundays. 我们星期天不上课。
用法:
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。如:Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意:此用法如出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don't want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
5)表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时:see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如:
I know what you mean.
Smith owns a car and a house.
All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
6)在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表"意愿",但不表示时态。
译:不管他同意与否,我都会待在家里。________________________________________
译:如果时间允许的话,我们明天去那里。______________________________________.
译:如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会,我的家人会非常高兴。
_______________________________________________________________
2.现在进行时
结构:is/are/am+V-ing
V-ing的构成:a: 在动词原形末尾加-ing.
b: 以不发音的e结尾的动词,先去e, 再加-ing.
c:以重读闭音节结尾的动词(辅+元+辅),双写,再加V-ing.
现在进行时的基本用法:
a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
We are waiting for you.
b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。
Mr. Green is writing another novel.
(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
c. 表示渐变的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
翻译: 叶子在变红。_____________________________
翻译:天越来越热了。___________________________
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
You are always changing your mind.
3. 过去进行时
1) 概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2) 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。
3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
他们离开车站时,正下着雨。__________________________
我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。______________________________
4. 将来进行时
1) 概念:表示将来某时进行的状态或动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情。
She'll be coming soon.
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.
注意:将来进行时不用于表示"意志",不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.
2)常用的时间状语
tomorrow, on Sunday, by this time,tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
例如:By this time tomorrow, I'll be flying across the ocean.
5、 一般过去时的用法
动词过去式的规则变化a:一般动词在词尾加- ed work-- worked ,
b: 以e结尾的动词加-d live --lived
c: 以辅+y 结尾的动词,变y为i,加-ed study -studied
d:以重读闭音节结尾的动词(辅+元+辅),双写,再加ed. Stop--stopped
e: 不规则变化: have/has -- had,eat--ate, see—saw,am/is—was, go—went,do—did,take--took,run--ran,lend--lent,sleep--slept,get—got,,meet—met,,bring—brought,,buy—bought, think—thought, say—said, give—gave, put—put
变形:否定句在动词前面用助动词did + not = didn't, 这时行为动词用原形. She didn’t like cheese.
疑问句将助动词did置于句首,这时行为动词用原形。Did she get up late?
用法:
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
3)句型:
It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了"
It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else? I wondered if you could help me.
2)情态动词 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?
6. 一般将来时
表示将来的动作或状态。
1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。
will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
译:我先读哪一段呢?______________________________________
译:今晚七点回家好吗?____________________________________
注意:
一般将来时表示一种倾向或推测:
Flowers will die without water. 没有水花会枯死的。
Water will change into ice at 0℃. 水在零摄氏度就会结冰
2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 计划,安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。
c. 有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意:be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
5)与表示时间或条件的状语从句连用,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表将来。
译:他一到我就通知你。____________________________________________________.
译:除非下雨,否则我们是要去的。_____________________________.
6). 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。
例如:
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?
7..现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have (has) +过去分词。
结构:have/has+动词的过去分词
动词的过去分词的规则变化:a:一般动词在词尾加- ed
b: 以e结尾的动词加-d
c: 以辅+y 结尾的动词,去y,加-ied
d:以重读闭音节结尾的动词(辅+元+辅),双写,再加ed.
用法:(1)表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 标志词:already, just (一般用在肯定句中),yet, ever, never(一般用在否定句或疑问句中)
e.g: Have you finished your work yet?
(2)表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括“现在”在内)的一段时间状语连用,如:these day, all this year, recently, so far, up to now, for+一段时间,since+过去某一时间点,since+从句(从句必须用一般过去时)。
e.g:I've studied English for two years. I've studied English since I was ten.
★在含有一段时间的肯定句中和how long 开头的句子中不能用短暂性动词。
常见的短暂性动词及相对应的延续性动词:
come—be here come to –-be in/at go out ---be out move/leave---be away, be out of begin/start---be on buy---have borrow---keep join---be/become a member of, be in die---be dead catch a cold---have a cold get to know---know become---be fall asleep---be asleep go to sleep--sleep open--be open end/finish--be over get up---be up
e.g: The film has begun for half an hour.(×) The film has been on for half an hour.(√)
(3)have been to 去过…… have gone to 已经去了……
1.My father____ home for nearly three weeks.
A.has gone away from B.has left C.has been away from D.went away
2.Mr. and Mrs. Green have_____in China for a week.
A.been B.got C.arrived D.reached
3.--Where's Mary?
--Oh,she _____the library.
A. has gone to B. went to C. has been to D. had gone to
4.I'm not feeling well. I've caught a cold for three days.(改错)
现在完成时考点分析:
①现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外,还可以和下面的介词短语连用:during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。
②用于现在完成时的句型
It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句
This(That / It)is the first(second...)time that + 完成时
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如:
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.
③在时间或条件状语从句中,现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如:
I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.
If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
注意: 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。如:
I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)
I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)
Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交)
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
8.过去完成时
1) 概念:表示过去某一段时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态。
其构成是had +过去分词构成。
2) 概念:表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
3) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
句型:hardly had sb done sth when sb did sth
no sooner had sb done sth than sb did sth
9.将来完成时
1) 构成will / be going to do sth. 2) 概念
(1) 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:
译:到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。____________________________
(2)动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。
译:明天此时,你已经到达上海了 ________________________________
注意容易混淆的时态:
①.将来完成时
1) 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
2)动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了
② 将来进行时 表示将来某时进行的状态或动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如:
By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此时,我正躺在海滩上呢。
(这是初中和高中比较常用的时态,希望对你有所帮助)