1、在一个句子中，没有主语，把动词放最前面做动名词的时候要加ing，所有动词放开头都要加ing。2、动词加ing的情况很多，be动词(is.am.are).介词后面加ing形式。还有固定的词组搭配要记住
某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, can’t stand, be used to, get used to, devote…to…, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to等。如：
They went on walking and never stopped talking. 他们继续走，说个不停。
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海滩上走真是乐事。
（2）作介词的宾语
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活？
（3）作形容词的宾语
The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。
3、作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
4、作定语
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如：
a walking stick ＝a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading
a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping 3、动词前面加to，1)做名词 To be a teacher is my dream.
2)两动词间 I go to swim everyday3)表目的 4)固定搭配被动语态被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者，如：A new swimming pool will be built on our school.
(II)被动语态的构成
被动语态的形式是由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称，数，时态和语气的不同而变化。各种时态的被动语态形式如下：
1.一般现在时 am/is/are+V(p.p)
人们利用电能运转机器。People use electricity to run machines. Electricity is used to run machines.
Is electricity used to run machines? Yes, it is . / No, it isn’t.
2.一般过去时 was/were + V(p.p)
昨天我们在山坡上种了许多树。We planted many trees on the hill yesterday.
Many trees were planted on the hill yesterday.
Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday? Yes, they were. / No, they were not.
3.一般将来时 will/shall +be+V(p.p)
下星期我们将举行一场运动会。We will hold a sports meeting next week.
A sports meeting will be held next week.
Will a sports meeting be held next week? Yes, it will. / No, it won’t.
4.过去将来时 should/would +be+V(p.p)
他告诉我们人们将在他家乡建一个大水坝。He told us that people would build a big reservoir in his
hometown.
We were told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown.
Were you told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown? Yes, we were./No, we weren’t.
5.现在进行时 am/is/are +being+V(p.p) 语法学习纲要由江苏省靖江高级中学外语组为英语猫网站编写
他正在油漆房子。He is painting the house. A house is being painted.
Is the house being painted? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t .
6.过去进行时 was/were +being+V(p.p)
当我进厨房时，她正在做蛋糕。She was making a cake when I came into the kitchen.
A cake was being made when I came into the kitchen.
Was a cake being made when I came into the kitchen? Yes, it was./ No, it wasn’t.
7.现在完成时 have/has +been+V(p.p)
他已经结束工作了。He has finished his work. His work has been finished.
Has his work been finished? Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t.
8.过去完成时 had +been+V(p.p)
到上个月为止，他们已经把这本书翻译成了英语。
They had translated the book into English by the end of last month.
The book had been translated into English by the end of last month.
Had the book been translated into English by the end of last month? Yes, it had./ No, it hadn’t.
9.将来完成时will have +been+V(p.p) 语法学习纲要由江苏省靖江高级中学外语组为英语猫网站编写
The students will have learned 2,000 words by the end of next year.
2,000 words will have been learned by the end of next year.
Will 2,000 words have been learned by the end of next year? Yes, they will./No, they won’t.
10. 过去将来完成时would have +been+V(p.p)
He told me that Mr. Brown would have taught them for two years by the next summer.
I was told that they would have been taught by Mr. Brown for two years by the next summer.
注：1.含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，用“情态动词+be+V(p.p)”构成。如：
You must operate the machine with care. The machine must be operated with care.
Must the machine be operated with care? Yes, it must. / No, it mustn’t.
2.含有“be going to”, “be to”等结构的谓语，变成被动语态时，分别用“be going to +be +V(p.p)”和“be to
+be+V(p.p)”。如：
We are going to discuss the problem at the meeting.
The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting.
Is the problem going to be discussed at the meeting? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
3.被动语态除常用be加过去分词构成外，还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用在口语中。如：
The boy got hurt when he was riding to school.
4.被动语态没有完成进行时态，也没有将来进行时态，如果要将这些时态的主动结构变为被动结构，可以用完成时态或一般将来时态来表示。如：
他已被检查过了。He had been being examined.
通常用He has been examined.来代替。 语法学习纲要由江苏省靖江高级中学外语组为英语猫网站编写
当我们到那儿时他将正被检查。He will be being examined when we get there.通常用He will be examined when we get there.
(III)被动语态的几种句型
将主动语态转换成被动语态，通常分以下四步进行：
1.将主动语态中的宾语转换成被动语态的主语。
2.将主动语态中的动词改为“be+V(p.p)”
3.原来主动语态中的主语，如果需要，放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现，如没有必要，可以省略。
4.主动语态中的其他句子成分不变。
由于主动语态结构的不同，因而转换成被动语态的方式也各有不同，现分类说明如下：
a.由及物动词形成的被动语态：
(1)S+V+O 主语+动词+宾语语法学习纲要由江苏省靖江高级中学外语组为英语猫网站编写
People grow rice in the south. Rice is grown in the south.
注：带有宾语从句的句子转换成被动语态时，需要将宾语从句变为主语从句，通常用形式主语来代替，而将主语从句后置。
They said that he would come back soon. It was said that he would come back soon.类似的还有：
It is reported / believed /hoped /supposed that ……
(2)S+V+O+C 主语+动词+宾语+宾补
We elected Li Ming monitor of our class. Li Ming was elected monitor of our class.
注：在主动结构中跟不带to的动词不定式作宾补变为被动结构时应加上to作主语补足语。
奴隶们被奴隶主强迫整日整夜工作。Slave-owners made slaves work all day and all night.
Slaves were made to work all day and all night by slave-owners.
(3)S+V+Oi+Od 主语+动词+间宾+直宾 语法学习纲要由江苏省靖江高级中学外语组为英语猫网站编写
昨天他给了我一件漂亮的生日卡。He gave me a beautiful birthday card yesterday. I was given a beautiful birthday card yesterday.
A beautiful birthday card was given to me yesterday.
注：用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，通常要在间接宾语前加上适当的介词。如：to, for, of等，以加强间接宾语的语气。
b.由动词短语形成的被动语态：
一般情况下，只有及物动词才能跟宾语，而不及物动词不能跟宾语，所以只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，相当于一个及物动词，就可以形成被动语态。
约翰打开了收音机。John turned on the radio. The radio was turned on.
奶奶照看我姐姐。Grandma takes care of my sister. My sister is taken care of by Grandma.
注：千万不要遗漏介词或副词。
c.祈使句的被动语态通常借助let句式
请把窗户关上。Please close the window. Let the window be closed.
(IV)被动语态的使用时机
被动语态的使用往往不是任意的，而是按照表达思想，描述事物的需要，通常在下列情况下使用被动语态。
1.不知道或不必说出动作的执行者。
这本书已被翻译成许多种语言。This book has been translated into many languages.
2.动作的对象是谈话的中心。
我们家乡将建一条新铁路。A new railway will be built in our hometown.
3.修辞的需要，为了使句子更加简练匀称：
他出现在舞台上受到了观众的热烈欢迎。He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 被动语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章，新闻报道，书刊介绍及景物描写。
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