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【时态的基本概念】
时态是表示谓语动作时间概念的动词形式。英语中的时态专指谓语动词而言，不同时间概念的谓语动作有不同的时态，每一个时态又有各自不同的动词形式。
高中阶段要求学生熟练掌握八种时态，此外现在完成进行时在高中教材中反复出现，也应列入“应知应会”的范围。
1.一般现在时：经常发生的动作或规律性的动作。
Each person needs water and a diet of healthy food. (P.2, Senior Book1B)
The moon travels round the earth once every month. (P. 8, Senior Book2B)
在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来的概念。引起时间状语从句的连词有：when, after, before, until, as soon as；引起条件状语从句的连词有：if, unless; so(as)long as。
I will not stop my fight against slavery until all slaves are free. (P.52, Senior Book1A)
2.一般过去时：过去发生过了的动作，这个动作的全过程已经结束。诸如yesterday, last… …ago都是典型的一般过去时的时间状语。
Fortunately, I was in time for the interview. (P.34, Senior Book2B)
The interview went well and I told the company about my experiences and answered their questions as honestly as I could. (P.34, Senior Book2B)
3.一般将来时：将要发生的动作。
----It’s a bit windy today, isn’t it?
----Yes, it is. Hopefully tomorrow will turn out fine. (P.43, senior Book2B)
Besides, you will not find coral near the mouths of rivers either because the river water has too much soil in it or because it is polluted. (P.20, Senior Book2B)
Do you think our manager is going to have a new factory built? (P.24, Senior Book2B)
4.现在进行时：说话时正在发生的动作。
I’m doing a word puzzle in this newspaper. I’m trying to find the name of a famous person. Can you help me? (P. 1, Senior Book2B)
现在进行时同always配合使用时，带有厌恶、批评，不喜欢等感情色彩。
They also have bad teeth, because of the sugar which they are always eating. (P.3, Senior Book1B)
5.过去进行时:过去某一时间或某段时间正在进行的动作。
He bought a coffee and as the train was traveling fast and moving from side to side , he decided to drink it there and not to carry it back to his seat. (P.32, Senior Book2B)
Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the 11th floor. (P.6, Senior Book1B)
6.现在完成时：与现在有联系的过去的动作。
Mr. Ball has just called on Mrs. Zhu to give her a message. (P.13, Senior Book2B)
同现在的联系是：“刚刚探访了朱夫人，给她带了口信”，这件事距现在时间很近，没有多长时间。
We shall have to make a decision about Ms King, whose story I have just told you. (P.19, Senior Book1B)
同现在的联系是：现在你们已经知道有关她的经历，不会影响做出决定。
7.过去完成时：比过去的一个参照动作或时间更早的动作，作为参照的过去的动作或时间有时在句子中直接表述出来，有时通过上下文暗示。
Her parents were dead and had left her a lot of money. (P.14, Senior Book2B)
本句中had left her a lot of money 发生在her parents were dead之前，比较容易看出“过去的过去”，应该不会产生理解上的困难。
Einstein had always been fond of music and had learnt music as a young boy. (P.3, Senior Book2B)
课文一直在叙述爱因斯坦的经历、成就，使用的都是一般过去时。或者我们可以说一般过去时是课文的基础时态。课文的最后又倒叙爱因斯坦少年时代的事情，这是比基础时态一般过去时更早的动作，因此两个并列的谓语动词都用过去完成时。在这类句子中，作为参照的动作或时间需要我们通过对文章的整体理解才能体会出来。
8.过去将来时：以过去某一时间为参照，将要发生的动作。在宾语从句中由于时态呼应的要求，经常会用到过去将来时。
I thought it was going to be fun. (P.54, Senior Book1A)
针对 I thought 这个过去的动作而言的将来。
9.现在完成进行时： 由过去开始，延续到现在并且可能继续进行的动作。现在完成进行时在句子中一般可以翻译成“一直┉”。
People have been talking of it a lot recently. (P.25, Senior Book2B)
最近人们一直在大量地谈论这件事。
Pippa’s parents have been waiting for them. ( P.61, Senior Book2A)
Pippa的父母一直在等他们。
For years we have been dreaming better housing and jobs. (P.37, Senior Book2B)
多年来我们一直梦想着更好的住房和工作。
【相关知识及运用】
1. 一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时的区别。
上述三个时态在使用中容易混淆是因为他们有相近的地方，这个相近之处就是“过去”。现在完成时和过去完成时的概念都同“过去”有关，彼此之间的混淆便由此产生。只有抓住他们的不同，才能熟练地将这三种时态区别开。
①一般过去时只用以陈述过去发生过的事情。
In a poor district in Paris, in the year 1775, there was a wine shop, the owner of which was Monsieur Defarge. (P.56, Senior Book2B)
向读者陈述1775年所发生的故事的地点、人物等有关信息。
②现在完成时表达的动作虽然发生在过去，但说话时要强调的是这个过去的动作与现在有关系，语意的重心着眼于现在。这种过去的动作同现在的联系有两种情况：
a)过去的动作对现在仍具有影响。
----Would you go to see the film with me this evening?
----Sorry, I have seen it before.
have seen the film的动作肯定发生在过去，对现在的影响是“我不想和你去看了”。
b)过去的动作延续到现在。表示这种延续时经常会用到for、since一类时间状语。
I have worked in Beijing since I graduated from the university. (从毕业一直延续到现在)
We have lived in Beijing for about 20 years. (20年前发生的 “live”，一直延续到现在)
③过去完成时必须有一个过去的动作作为参照点，由此发生了同一般过去时混淆的问题。过去完成时是一种相对的时态，它必须有一个过去的动作为参照，比这个过去的参照动作更早的动作才能用过去完成时。如果没有这个过去的参照的动作，就没有过去完成时，即使是一亿年前的动作也是一般过去时。
When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.
got to the cinema是过去的动作，had begun则发生在got to the cinema 之前。
进行时态的两种概念
现在进行时和过去进行时都具有两种不同的时间概念：瞬间概念和阶段概念。
①现在进行时的瞬间概念就是“说话的时候”。表示瞬间概念时，现在进行时的时态特点是，动作已经开始，正在过程中，但尚未结束。
基于这一特点，下列句子通常用现在进行时，以表达动作没有结束。
Our country is getting stronger and stronger.
I’m getting on well with my English.
过去进行时的瞬间概念通常用表示“点时间”的时间状语表达出来。
I was doing my homework this time yesterday.
Mother was cooking when I came home.
②阶段概念的时间状语是“段时间”，表示在一段时间内一直在做的动作，至于动作是否结束则不是说话者所关心的。
He is writing a new novel these days.
这些天他一直在写一本新小说。（没有干其他的事情）
The workers were building a bridge last year.
这些工人们去年一直在修建一座桥。
2. 将来时的五种动词形式
1.will(shall)+动词原形，用以表示“预见”和“主观意图”
Go through the gate and you will find the entrance to Bear Country on the other side. (P1, Senior Book2A) （表示“预见”）
Let’s go together then. I will meet you at the theatre at six-thirty. (P.19, Senior Book2A) (表示“主观意图)
2.be going to + 动词原形，用以表示“打算做某事”或“已经有迹象将要发生的情况。
I’m going to cut this tree down. (P.25, Senior Book1B)
It is going to rain. (有迹象表明将要下雨)
3.be to +动词原形，用以表示按照计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示命令、禁止。
The message is this: you are to go to the hotel where rooms have already been booked for you. (P.33, Senior Book2B)
4.will be doing，在当代英语中用以表示纯粹的将来。
Who will be taking over her job?
Everybody else will be wearing jewellery. (P.13, Senior Book1B)
5.用进行时的动词形式表示将来的概念。这种用法通常仅限于瞬间动词，因为瞬间动词不可能有“进行”的概念，所以不会产生歧义。
How many of you are making the trip? (P.9, Senior Book1B)
Is anybody seeing you off? (P.13 Senior Book1A)
【语态的基本概念】
语态是表示主语、谓语和宾语之间相互关系的动词形式。在英语中有主动语态和被动语态之分。
主动语态所表达的主、谓、宾之间的关系是：主语发出或执行谓语动作，谓语动作的对象或承受者为宾语。即主语同谓语具有语意上的逻辑关系，谓语同宾语具有语意上的逻辑关系。
被动语态所表达的关系是：动作的承受者做句子的主语，这时句子的主语和谓语之间具有逻辑上的动宾关系。
Satellites for broadcasting are used to send radio and TV programmes from one part of the world to another. (P.8, Senior Book2B)
谓语动词use同主语satellites for broadcasting具有逻辑动宾关系，因此使用被动语态。我们可以将这个句子恢复成正常的主、谓、宾关系：
We use satellites for broadcasting to send radio and TV programmes from one part of the world to another.
【相关知识及运用】
1.被动语态的动词形式问题：
在语言实践中，语态和时态总是结合在一起使用，每一个时态都有同它相对应的被动语态形式。
被动语态的基本形式：语态助动词be + 过去分词。
凡需进行时态变化时，只将be 变为与其相应的时态形式，过去分词永远不变。
动词do 的时态、语态形式变化对照表
主动语态 被动语态
一般现在时 do ( does ) am(is, are )+ done
一般过去时 did was(were )+ done
一般将来时 will(shall) do will be + done
现在进行时 am(is are )doing am(is,are)being+done
过去进行时 was(were) doing was(were)being+done
现在完成时 have(has) done have(has)been+done
过去完成时 had done had been+done
过去将来时 would do would be + done
现在完成进行时 have(has)been doing 没有被动形式
过去完成进行时 Had been doing 没有被动形式
Many of them are well received, such as Follow Me; Follow Me to Science.(P.46, Senior Book1A)
Ships and planes can be warned so that they can keep out of the path of the hurricane. (P.9, Senior Book2B)
They are already being used in agriculture and industry. (P.26, Senior Book2B)
Computer will be used more and more in transport. (P.26, Senior Book2B)
A new government programme has been designed to help disabled people . (P.46, Senior Book2B)
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