定语从句: 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子在复合句中充当定语，所以叫作定语从句。 先行词： 定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。 关系词： 引导定语从句的词，分为关系代词（who,whom,that,which,whose）和关系副词(where,when,why,)。 复合句 ： The man who (that) came is Mike. 先行词 关系代词 Li Ming is the one that got full marks in our class. 先行词 关系代词 上句的黑体字为复合句中的主句，蓝体字为定语从句. 一 定语从句的关系代词 Which的用法: 若先行词指物则代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语. This is the pen which was given by my friend. 先行词 指物代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语 This is the pen which my friend gave to me. 先行词 指物代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语 二 定语从句的关系代词 Who的用法: 若先行词指人则代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语(如果前面带介词则必须用whom) The man who is wearing a white suit is my brother. 先行词 指人代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语 The man who\whom he wanted to see last week is in Shanghai. 先行词 指人代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语 She is the girl with whom I went there. 先行词 指人代替先行词在定语从句中充当介宾且介词于前. 三 定语从句的关系代词 Whom的用法: 若先行词指人则代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语(包括介词的宾语) ,与who的区别是如果前面带介词则必须用whom This is the teacher whom\who we like best. 先行词 指人代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语 She is the girl whom\ who I went with there. 先行词 指人代替先行词在定语从句中充当介宾. I don’t like the boy to whom you are talking. 先行词 指人代替先行词在定语从句中充当介宾且介词于前. 四 定语从句的关系代词 that的用法: 若先行词指人或物则代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语 The animal that \which is lost is a panda. 先行词 指物代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语 She is the person that \who we are worried about. 先行词 指人代替先行词在定语从句中充当宾语 注意1 that \which在代物时常常可以通用,但有时只宜于用which ,不用that (1) 关系代词前有介词时. This is the hotel in which you will stay. (2) 如有两个定语从句,其中一句的关系代词是that,另一句宜于用which. Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the liberary which was newly open (新开放) to us. 注意2that \which在代物时常常可以通用,但有时只宜于用that ,不用which. (1) 先行词是形容词最高级或者它的前面有形容词最高级时 This is the best that has been used against air pollution(反对空气污染) in cities. English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. (2) 先行词是序数词,或它的前面有一个序数词时 He is the last person that I want to see. (3) 主句中已有疑问词时 Which is the bike that you lost? (4) 先行词既有人又有物时 The bike and its rider that had run over (撞倒了)an old man were taken to the police station. (5) 先行词是all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one等代词时 You should hand in all that you have. We haven’t got much that we can offer you. I mean the one that you talked about just now. (6) 先行词前面有only,any,few,little,no,all,one of,the same,the very等词修饰时 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. Li Ming is the only one that got full marks (满分)in our class. Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teachers in our class. (7) 有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另外一个宜用that Edison built up a factory(办了一个工厂) which produced things that had never been seen before. 定语从句的关系副词 Where的用法:若先行词指地点且其在定语从句中充当地点状语. This is the house+I was born in the house. (=I was born there) 介词短语 副词 =This is the house where I was born.这就是我在那儿出生的房子. 先行词 关系副词 in which I was born. 介词+关系代词 which I was born in. 关系代词 这里作介宾的which和that可以省略 that I was born in 关系代词. 练习：用which ，where填空 1 This is the factory where they want to visit。 2 My sister works in a bookshop in which we can read many kinds of books 3 Have you visited the city where the famous scientist was born? 4 Is this the museum which they visited last month? 5 He built a telescope through which he could study the skies. 6 The pencil with _which_______ he wrote was broken. 7 Is this the shop _which____ sells children’s clothing? 8 I still remember the sitting-room _where____ my mother and I used to sit in the evening. 9 Don’t go in, this is the shop _which____ we have just been to。 10 Please show me the book _which____ you bought yesterday _____. 二 定语从句的关系副词 When的用法: 若先行词指时间且其在定语从句 中充当时间状语. He came at a time +we needed help at a time. 介词短语 =He came at a time when we needed help 关系副词 at which we needed help 介词+关系代词 which we needed help at 关系代词 这里的作介宾的which 和that可以省略 that we needed help at 三 关系副词why的用法：在定语从句中只要先行词是the reason，它的关系副词就是why。 如：The reason why I’m calling you is to invite you to the party.
.宾语从句在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语，从句放在主句之后，前后不用逗号分开。2.引导宾语从句的词有：连词that(在口语中that常可省略)，if, whether,如：He knows that Jim will work hard.连接代词who, whom, which等，如：Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for?连接副词when, where, how, why等，如：Could you tell me how we can get to the station? 3.whether和if都有“是否”的意思，一般情况下两者可以换用，但在介词之后，不定式之前，与or not连用，在句首或在引导表语从句，同位语从句时，只能用whether,如：I want to know if/whether the news is true. He doesn't know whether to stay or not?4.宾语从句要用陈述句语序。5.宾语从句一定要注意时态呼应，即：当主句谓语动词是过去式时，从句中谓语动词也要用过去范畴的时态，但若从句陈述的是真理或客观规律，其谓语的时态仍用一般现在时，如：He asked who could answer the question.My father told me that the earth goes around the sun.6.一个宾语从句只能用一个连词。7.当主句谓语动词是think, believe等动词时，宾语从句的否定意义要放到主句中。另外，当主句主语为第一人称时，后面若接附加疑问句，那么附加疑问句的主语、谓语应与从句中的主谓语保持一致。如：I don't think he looks like his father, does he?8.直接引语和间接引语也是宾语从句，直接引语是引述别人的原话，放在引号内，不用连词联接；间接引语是用自己的话转述别人的话，通常用连接词与主句联接。(1)陈述句变为以that引导的宾语从句，如：He said,“I'm happy.”[FY()[FY]]He said that he was happy.(2)一般疑问句变为if(whether)引导的宾语从句，如：He asked me,“Does his father know Mr Green?”---He asked me if his father knew Mr Green. (3)特殊疑问句变为由who, what, where, how等疑问词(连接代词或连接副词)引导的宾语从句，如：He asked me,“Where is Mr Wang?”---He asked me where Mr Wang was.注意上述例句中连词、时态、语序等变化。
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