that能引导指人的定语从句吗？

Question

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Answer 1

关系代词that可以引导限定性定语从句， 修饰代表人或事物的先行词， 但不能用于引导非限定性定语从句。that可以充当从句的主语、 宾语、 表语。例如：
The bag that lies on the ground is hers. 地上的那个包是她的。（关系代词that修饰bag的定语从句中充当主语）
The old man that I visited yesterday is my teacher. 我昨天拜访的那个老人是我的老师。（关系代词that在修饰man的定语从句中充当宾语）
在先行词是事物的限定性定语从句中， that和which一般可互换， 但在下列情况下不可以互换：
只能用that， 不能用which作先行词的情况
（1）先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时， 关系代词通常只用that， 不用which。例如：
① That’s all that I know. 我知道的就这些。
② Is there anything that you want to buy in town? 你有什么东西要在城里买吗？ ③ Nothing that the teacher does doesn’t influence his students. 老师所做的事情没有不影响到学生的。
（2）先行词被序数词、 形容词最高级、 the only, the very, the last等修饰时， 关系代词通常只用that， 不用which。例如： ① The first English novel that I read was Cities. 我读的第一本英文小说是《城市》。 ② This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen. 这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
③ This is the only thing that we can do now. 这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。 （3）先行词既有人又有物时， 关系代词只用that， 不用which。例如：
① The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
② The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace. 外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。
（3）先行词既有人又有物时， 关系代词只用that， 不用which。例如：
① The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
② The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace. 外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。
（4） 关系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时， 通常只用that， 不用which。例如：
① He is no longer the star that he was. 他不再是过去的那位明星了。
② Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。
（5） 句中其他位置已出现which， 为避免重复， 不用which而用that引导限定性定语从句。例如： Which is the car that has overtaken us? 超过我们的是哪辆车？
只用which， 不能用that作先行词的情况 （1） 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成“介词＋关系代词”结构来修饰表事物的先行词时， 关系代词必须用which。例如：
① The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。
② This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking. 这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。
注意： 如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首， which就可换为that， 例如： This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。
（2） 先行词为“those＋表事物的复数名词”时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that。例如：
①Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior. 学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。
②A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published. 书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。

Answer 2

1.关系代词that引导的定语从句，that指人或指物，在从句中可以作主语、宾语。多数情况下，可与which互换。
【真题例句】In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins。(2001完形)
【结构分析】本句主干为Lord Irvine will introduce a draft bill…；其中bill由that引导的定语从句that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity…修饰，在从句中，that指代先行词bill作主语。观察连词and，可确定此从句中并列两个谓语will propose和will control。其中control的宾语the amount of publicity后又跟一个that引导的定语从句that can be given to a case before a trial begins，使用了被动语态，that指代先行词publicity作主语。句首的介词短语In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press作全句的状语。
【参考译文】为了有效地加强对新闻界的法律监控，大法官欧文勋爵将引入一项草案。这项草案将提出付款给证人是非法的，并且要严格控制审判前对案件的曝光。
2.注意：只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况：
(1)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which；
(2)不定代词如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which；
(3) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that；
(4) 先行词为序数词、形容词最高级时，只用that；
(5) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
【真题例句】To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing."(2003阅读2)
【结构分析】本句的直接引语中，主干为一个主系表结构all is that…，其中主语all由that引导的定语从句that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause修饰，关系代词that指代先行词all在从句中作主语。表语由that引导的名词性从句that good people do nothing充当。
【参考译文】用18世纪政治家埃德蒙·柏克的话说："一个被误导的事业如果能成功，它唯一需要的就是好人无所作为"。
【真题例句】The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century. (2001阅读1)
【结构分析】本句的主干是一个完成时的主系表结构The overall result has been… for amateurs，表语由不定式短语to make…harder(使……更难)充当。名词短语a result that…是主干中主语result的同位语，作用是对其进行补充说明。在此名词短语中，关系代词that引导定语从句that has been reinforced by…修饰先行词result，that在从句中代替result作主语，从句的谓语使用了被动语态。
【参考译文】总体结果是，业余人员在专业地质学刊物上发表论文更难了，这种结果又由于审稿的广泛引入而变得更糟--19世纪由国家级杂志评审， 20世纪由一些地方地质学杂志评审。本回答被网友采纳