第1个回答 2013-08-14
英语中主动表被动的情况
有些动词有主动语态之形，但却有被动语态之意。 这些动词包括及物的（transitive verbs）、不及物的（ intransitive verbs）、系动词、动名词（gerunds）和不定式动词（ infinitives）。这些动词很特别，但数目不多。例如： Ⅰ．及物动词
That house is building (= being built).
The trumpets are sounding ( = being sounded). The film is showing now (= being shown now). The guns are firing (= being fired).
The drums are beating ( = being beaten).
有些表示静止状态的及物动词或动词短语不能用于被动语态，须用主动形式表示被动意义。常见的有have，cost，lock，last，own，suit，hold，fit，join，consist of，belong to，agree with等。如： The book costs 150 yuan. Does the key fit the lock ? Your statement lacks detail. The meeting lasted two hours. Ⅱ．不及物动词
1．英语中有些不及物动词和词组，只有主动形式，常被视为主动形式表示被动含义。常见有的：break out, take place,
happen，break out，come about，come
out表示“称重，测量，花费，持续，发生”等状态动词或不及物动词，虽然汉语有被动意义，但英语要用主动形式。例如：. What happened to him last night. What has happened over there? How did it come about?
2．一些与can't(不能)或won't(不会)连用的动词。常用的有：lock(锁住), shut(关 上), open(打开),
act(上演)等，例如：
The door won't open.这门打不开。 It can't move.它不能动。 The middle house won't let.
3．一些与well(很), easily(容易地), perfectly(十分地)等连用的动词,如: sell(销售), wash(洗), clean(打扫), burn(燃烧), cook(煮)，measure
vi(有„„长/宽/高等)，write，read，keep，prove，weigh，weigh,
number，drink，wear，pay，wash，open, teach, translate常用主动形式表被动意义。请看下面句子：
The poem translates well. Bikes of that kind hardly sell. Porcelain sinks clean easily. The book sells well.
The door will not open. This dress washes better.
This room measures 10 meters across. It weighs 6 pounds.(重6磅。)
The sign reads as follows. ( 这牌子告示如下。)等，例如： These clothes wash well.这些衣服很耐洗。 The matter will keep until morning. Such potatoes peel well.
4．用在“主语+不及物动词+主语补语”句型中的一些不及物动词，例如： This material has worn thin. 这料子已磨薄了。
The dust has blown into the house. 灰尘被风吹进了房子。 Ⅲ．系动词
系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词常表示被动意义。常见的有look，taste(吃起来), smell，sound (听起来),
prove(证明是), feel(摸上去感到)等，例如：
Cotton feels soft.
The flowers smell sweet.
Your reason sounds reasonable.
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth. The box weighs light/heavy.
Ⅳ．动名词主动形式表示被动意义的情况
need, want, require（要求，需要）, deserve(应得，值得), be worth值得），not bear(经不住)
后面接doing主动表被动。
The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
Your hair wants/needs cutting (needs to be cut).你的头发该剪了。 The computer wants servicing (= to be serviced). This watch requires winding up ( = to be wound up). That good point bears repeating (= to be repeated). ⅴ．不定式的主动形式表被动含义的情况
1．不定式作状语，在“主语+be+形容词+不定式”句型中，有时主语是不定式结构的逻辑宾语，这是应用主动形式表示被动含义。适合于此结构的形容词比较多，最常用的有amusing(有趣的),
cheap(便宜的), dangerous(危险的), difficult(困难的), easy(容易的), important(重要的), nice(令人愉快的), pleasant(愉快的)等,例如:
That question is difficult to answer. 那个问题不容易回答。 Chicken’s legs are nice to eat. 鸡腿很好吃。
2．不定式作定语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语，间接宾语或说话人时，不定式用主动表被动。
She has an old grandfather to look after. Have you any homework to do this evening? Please give the child a picture-book to read.
I have much work to do. （to do与work有动宾关系，其逻辑主语是I）
He has a family to support. （to support与family有动宾关系,其逻辑主语是he） 但如果没有这种主谓关系，则需要用不定式的被动形式。如：I'm going to Beijing next week. Do you have
anything to be taken to your parents? 下周我要去北京，你有什么东西(让我)捎给你父母吗？
3．在too...to...结构中。如：
The passage is too hard to translate. 这一段太难，无法翻译。 The box is too heavy to move. 这个箱子太重，搬不动。 4．在“疑问代词 + 不定式”结构中。如：
I don't know what to do next. 我不知道下一步该做什么。
She will tell you which bus to take. 她会告诉你坐哪路公共汽车。 Do you know who to go with? 你知道跟谁去吗？
5．在下列句型中，to let, to blame, to seek等用不定形式表示被动含义。如： The house is to let. 这栋房子要出租。 Who is to blame for it? 这得怪谁？
The reason is not far to seek. 理由不难找到。 A lot remains to do.还剩下许多事情要做。
6．在there be结构中，用来修饰主语的不定式可以用被动形式，也可以用主动形式，在口语中用主动形式的时候更多一些。如：
There is no time to lose (to be lost). 时间紧迫，不能耽误了。 There are still many difficulties to overcome (to be overcome). 但有时候用主动和被动可分别表示不同的意思。试比较：
There is nothing to do now. (We have nothing to do.) 我们现在没事干。
There is nothing to be done now. (We can do nothing now.) 现在没有什么办法了。 There is nothing to see. (nothing worth seeing) 没有东西值得看。 There is nothing to be seen. (nothing there at all) 看不见什么东西。
7．主语much, a great deal, little, what等，其表语如是不定式，则用不定式的主动表被动。
What is to do? 做什么？
Much is to do. 太多要做的事。 ⅵ．特殊结构表被动 1．“be + under +名词”结构:这种结构表示某事“在进行中”。例如： The building is under construction. 这座楼正在建设中。 The whole matter is under discussion (=is being discussed). 常见的这类under短语还有：
under attack在进攻中，under arrest在关押中，under consideration在考虑中， under contact在联系中，under discussion在讨论中，under examination在审查中，under investigation在调查中，under repair在修理中，under review在审议中