求下面一段英语的翻译 真诚感谢！

Question

Modular Instruments
Modular instruments appeared back in the 1960s when HP
combined a voltmeter and a multiplexer to create a scanner.
A number of GPIB data acquisition products appeared
throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, including voltmeters,
digitizers, multiplexers, switches, digital I/O, D/A converters,
and simple arbitrary waveform generators. Some even
contained specialty cards like stepper motor controllers or
synchro-resolver cards for use in mechanical applications.
In 1985, HP, Tektronix, Wavetek, Racal-Dana, and
Colorado Data Systems introduced VME eXtensions for
Instruments (VXI), a modular instrument standard developed
primarily for the U.S. military. These modular instruments
became very popular not only in the aerospace/defense
industry, but also in manufacturing test and high-speed data
acquisition, where flexibility in configuration and high channel
counts were needed. Entire VXI-based high-performance
test systems were developed for communications, automotive,
and semiconductor test. Systems could be controlled via
an external PC over GPIB or MXI (a special link for VXI). Both
external links required an interface card installed in the PC
and a slot 0 card plugged into the VXI frame. For even higher
PC-to-instrument speeds, one could insert an embedded computer
into the VXI card cage. Although generally more expensive
than its rack-and-stack counterparts, VXI provided value
in flexible configuration and high-speed data transfer rates
from instruments to the PC for those applications that valued
these attributes. In VXI’s prime, VXI cards, frames, and systems
grew to be an US$800 million market, roughly 10% of
the overall test and measurement market.
In 1997, National Instruments introduced another modular
standard named PCI eXtensions for Instruments (PXI),
based on the Compact PCI bus. Many of the PC plug-in card
suppliers saw the opportunity to move away from the noisy
environment inside the PC and into an external chassis.
They easily leveraged their PCI designs into PXI plug-ins.
At about one quarter of the size of VXI, PXI became a popular
format for data acquisition and industrial automation
applications, which require many different types of measurements
in a portable frame. Like VXI, PXI requires either
a slot 0 MXI link to an external PC or an embedded computer.
So far, PXI has grown to be approximately
US$100 million, or about 1.3% of the overall test and measurement
market. As the PC industry migrates from PCI to
PCI-express and other standards, the PXI format will need
to transition as well.

Answer 1

模件仪器 模件仪器出现在60 年代当HP 结合电压表和多重通道创造扫描器。 一定数量的GPIB 数据采集产品出现 在70 年代和80 年代初期过程中, 包括电压表, 数字化器, 多重通道, 开关, 数字式I/O, D/A 交换器, 并且简单的任意信号波形发电器。某一均匀 从容的专业卡片喜欢步进马达控制器或 同步果断器卡片用于机械应用。 1985 年, HP 、Tektronix 、Wavetek, Racal-Dana, 和 科罗拉多数据系统介绍了VME 引伸为 仪器(VXI), 一个模件仪器标准显现了出 主要为美国军事。这些模件仪器 变得非常普遍不仅在aerospace/defense 产业, 而且在制造业测试和高速数据 承购, 灵活性在配置和高渠道 计数是需要的。整个基于VXI 的高性能 测试系统被开发了为通信, 汽车, 并且半导体测试。系统能是受控的通过 一台外在个人计算机结束GPIB 或MXI (一个特别链接为VXI) 。两个 外在链接要求一个界面卡被安装在个人计算机 并且槽孔0 卡片塞住了入VXI 框架。为更高 个人计算机对仪器加速, 你能插入一台嵌入计算机 入VXI 插件框架。虽然一般更加昂贵 比它机架和堆积相对物, VXI 被提供的价值 在灵活配置和高速数据传送率 从仪器对个人计算机为重视的那些应用 这些属性。在VXI 的最初, VXI 卡片、框架, 和系统 成长为是US$800 百万市场, 大致10% 整体测试和测量市场。 1997 年, 全国仪器介绍了另模件 标准名为PCI 引伸为仪器(PXI), 根据紧凑PCI 公共汽车。许多个人计算机插入式卡片 供应商发现了机会从喧闹行动 环境在个人计算机里面和入一个外在底盘。 他们容易地支持了他们的PCI 设计入PXI 插入。 在大小的大约四分之一的VXI, PXI 成为了一普遍 格式为数据采集和工业自动化 应用, 要求许多不同的类型测量 在一个便携式的框架。象VXI, PXI 要求或者 一台外在个人计算机或一台嵌入计算机的一个槽孔0 MXI 链接。 到目前为止, PXI 增长近似地是 US$100 百万, 或大约1.3% 整体测试和测量 市场。如同个人计算机产业移居从PCI PCI 表达并且其它标准, PXI 格式将需要 对转折。