第1个回答 2010-12-05
虽然这里只有几个项目的历史，但希望我的回答对你有所帮助
篮球 用球向悬在高处的目标进行投准比赛的球类活动。由于最初是用装水要的篮筐作投掷目标，故名“篮球”。现代篮球运动已经发展成为一项具有灵活巧妙的技术和变化多端的战术相结合的竞赛活动。从事篮球运动能促使人体的力量、速度、耐久力、灵活性等素质全面发展，并能提高内脏器官、感觉器官和神经中枢的功能；它对培养勇敢、机智、集体主义和组织纪律性等品质都有很大益处。 发展概况 篮球是1891年由美国马萨诸塞州斯普林菲尔德（旧译春田）市基督教青年会训练学校体育教师J.奈史密斯博士创造的，起初，他将两只桃篮分别钉在键身房内看台的栏杆上，桃篮上沿距离地面3.05米，有足球作比赛工具，向篮投掷。投球入篮得1分，按得分多少决定胜负。每次投球进篮后，要爬梯子将球取出再重新开始比赛。以后逐步将竹篮改为活底的铁篮，再改为铁圈下面挂网。到1893年，形成近似现代的篮板、篮圈和篮网。最初的篮球比赛，对上场人数、场地大小，比赛时间均无严格限制。只需双方参加比赛的人数必须相等。比赛开始，双方队员分别站在两端线外，裁判员鸣哨并将球掷向球场中间，双方跑向场内抢球，开始比赛。持球者可以抱着球跑向篮下投篮，首先达到预定分数者为胜。1892年，奈史密斯制定了13条比赛规则，主要规定是不准持球跑，不准有粗野动作，不准用拳击球，否则即判犯规连续3次犯规判负1分；比赛时间规定为上、下半时，各15分钟；对场地大小也作了规定。上场比赛人数逐步缩减为每队10人、9人、7人，1893年定为每队上场5人。1904年在第3届奥林匹克运动会上第1次进行了篮球表演赛。1908年美国制定了全国统一的篮球规则，并有多种文字出版，发行于全世界。这样，篮球运动逐渐传遍美洲、欧洲和亚洲，成为世界性运动项目。1936年第11届奥运会将男子篮球列为正式比赛项目，并统一了世界篮球竞赛规则。此后，到1948年的10多年间，规则曾多次修改，与现行规则有关的重要变化是：将得分后的中圈跳球，改为失分队在后场端线外掷界外球继续比赛；进攻队必须在10秒钟内把球推进到前场；球进前场后不得再回后场；进攻队员不得在“限制区”内停留3秒钟；投篮队员被侵犯时，投中罚球1次，投不中罚球2 次等。1952年和1956年第15、16两届奥运会的篮球比赛中，出现了两米以上的多人，国际业余篮球联合会曾两次扩大篮球场地的“限制区”（也叫“3分区”）；还规定，一个队控制球后，必须在30秒内投篮出手。六十年代初有关10秒和球回后场的规定，一度因1960年第17届奥运会后取消了中场线改画边线的中点而中止。1964年第18届奥运会后，又恢复了中场线，这些规定又继续执行。1977年增加了每队满10次犯规后，在防守犯规时罚球两次，防投篮时犯规两罚有1次不中再加罚1次的规定。1981年又将10次犯规后罚球的规定缩减到8次。很明显，人员的变化的技术，战术的发展引起了规则的改变，而规则的改变又促进了人员和技术、战术的进一步发展变化。特别是五十年代后期以来，规则的改变对篮球比赛的攻守速度，对运动员的身体、技术、战术以及意志、作风等各方面都不断提出新的更高的要求，促进了篮球技术水平的迅速提高，女子篮球是1976年第21届奥运会上才列为正式比赛项目的。篮球运动是1896年前后由天津中华基督教青年会传入中国的，随后在北京、上海基督教青年会里也有了此项活动。在1910年的全运会上举行了男子篮球表演赛之后，在全国各大城市的大、中学校的篮球活动逐渐开展起来，其中以天津、北京、上海开展得较好，水平也较高。当时的比赛规则很简单，在球场中间画一个约有1米直径的中圈，中锋队员跳球时一只手必须置于背后腰部，任何一足不得踏出圈外。技术也简单，中圈跳球后，谁接到球就自己运球，超过防守人就投篮。当时只会直线运球前进，传球方法是单、双手胸前传球，跑动投篮是用单手低手上篮，立定投篮无论远近都是用双手腹前低手投篮。1925年前后，进攻和防守的5名运动员，有了较明确的分工，中锋对中锋，后卫对前锋，有人盯人，各自盯住自己的对手。但前锋的职责是只管进攻投篮，不管退守；后卫的职责是只管防守抢截球，不管投篮。前锋和后卫很少全场跑动，只有中锋要攻守兼顾。以后又逐渐改为两后卫1人助攻（活动后卫），1人留守后场（固定后卫），两前锋也变为1人留在前场专管偷袭、快攻，1人退守后场助防。技术动作也有所发展，跑动投篮出现了单手、高手投篮，立定投篮出现了双手胸前投篮，传球出现了单、双手击地传球，运球出现了两手交替运球躲闪防守和超越防守向前推进的技术。规则中增加了罚球区和罚球线，队员犯规4次即被取消比赛资格，犯规罚球可由队长指定任何1个队员主罚。比赛时间分为上、下半时各20分钟，中间休息10分钟。每次投中或罚中后，都在中圈跳球，重新开始比赛。而中国篮球运动水平在1926年以后有了较大提高。
Basketball
Hanging ball to the goal of high investment potential competition for ball games. Since the initial installation of water is thrown to the basket for target, named "Basketball." Modern Basketball has become a clever technology with flexible and varied combination of tactical contest. In basketball can promote the body's strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, quality and so on comprehensive development and improve the internal organs, sensory organs and central nervous functions; its culture brave, resourceful, collective, and organizational discipline and other qualities have great benefits. Overview of basketball in 1891 by the United States, Massachusetts, Springfield (Springfield, the old translation) City YMCA training school physical education teachers, Dr. J. Naismith created, at first, he nailed two peach baskets were key body in the room grandstand railing, peach basket on the ground along the distance of 3.05 meters, a football game to make tools, throw to the basket. 1 point pitch into the basket, by scoring the number of shots. After each pitch into the basket, the ball to climb a ladder to remove the re-start the race. Gradually changed to live after the end of the iron baskets basket, then the following link to hoop net. To 1893, similar to the modern form rebounds, ring, and the Nets. The first basketball game, the number of the playing, the venue size, no strictly limited playing time. Just the two sides must be equal to the number of race. Start of the race, both players were standing on both ends of the line, the referee whistle and throw the ball the middle course, both sides ran the ball inside, start the race. The ball can hold the ball ran to the basket shot, first reached the target score the winner. In 1892, Naismith formulated 13 rules of the game, the main provisions are not allowed to run the ball, allowed a rough action, not allowed to use the boxing ball, or foul and sentenced to 3 consecutive fouls negative 1; playing time provisions , the second half, each 15 minutes; on the size of the venue is also provided. Gradually reduce the number of games played per team of 10 people, 9, 7, 1893, as each team playing 5. 1904 Olympic Games in 3 1 was the first basketball exhibition game. 1908 United States established a unified national basketball rules, and a variety of text published and distributed throughout the world. Thus, the gradual spread of basketball in America, Europe and Asia, has become a world sport. 1936 11th Olympic Games men's basketball will be listed as an official sport, and unity of the world basketball competition rules. Since then, more than 10 years to 1948, the rules have been amended several times, with the existing rules of important changes are: to score after the jump ball in the circle instead of missing elements in the post-End Line to continue to race outside the bounds; offensive Teams must advance the ball within 10 seconds Daoqian Chang; the ball into the front court not to return after the backcourt; offensive players not in the "restricted zone" to stay for 3 seconds; shooting team has been violated, hit a free throw 1 , voted no in the free-throw two second-class. 1952 and 1956, the first two Olympics 15,16 basketball game, there has been more than two meters more than twice the International Amateur Basketball Federation Basketball venues to expand the "restricted zone" (also known as "three zones") ; also provides control of the ball after a team must shoot within 30 seconds shot. The early sixties about 10 seconds and the provisions of the ball returned to the backcourt, was once the 17th Olympic Games in 1960 after the abolition of the midfield line drawn sideline to change the midpoint of the suspension. The 18th Olympic Games in 1964 after he returned to midfield line, these provisions are to continue. 1977, an increase of over 10 fouls per team, after two free throws when the defensive foul, anti-foul free throws when shooting are not in the plus 1 penalty provisions 1. In turn 10 in 1981 after the penalty provisions of foul reduced to 8 times. Obviously, changes in personnel the technical and tactical development caused a rule change, which has promoted the rule changes and technical and tactical changes in the further development. Since the late fifties in particular is, rules of change offensive and defensive basketball game speed, the athletes physical, technical, tactical and determination, style and other aspects are Buduantichu the higher the Yao Qiu Xin, to promote the technical level of basketball Xun Su increase women's basketball in 1976 before the 21th Olympic Games as an official event. Basketball is a before and after 1896 by the Tianjin YMCA introduced to China, then in Beijing, Shanghai, where the YMCA also has this activity. National Games in 1910 held a men's basketball exhibition games, the big cities in the country, the school basketball gradually unfolded, in which Tianjin, Beijing, Shanghai, conducted in a better and higher level. Rules of the game was very simple, in the middle of planning a course of about 1 meter in diameter circle, when the center jump ball players must be placed a hand behind the waist, not step foot outside of the circle either. Technology is simple, after the jump ball in the circle, who received the ball on his dribble, over defense of people on the shooting. Only straight forward then dribbling, passing is a single, hand chest pass, running shot is a layup with one hand underhand, standing shot are both near and far before the lower abdomen with both hands, shooting hand. Around 1925, the offensive and defensive five athletes, with a clearer division of labor, center of the center, back to the striker, it was marking, each pegged to their opponents. But the striker's role is simply offensive shot, regardless of retreat; guard duty is simply defense steals the ball, regardless of shooting. Overall very little running forwards and backwards, and only center to offensive and defensive balance. And later gradually replaced by two guard 1 assists (active guard), a person left behind after the field (fixed guard), the two strikers have become an exclusive competence to stay up front attack, quick attack, a man retreated after the field-assisted anti- . Action has also been the development of technology, running one-handed shooting occurred, master shot, standing shot his hands chest shot there, there was a single pass, his hands hitting the ground ball, alternating hands dribbling dribbling dodge appeared defensive and beyond defense technology forward. Rules increased the penalty area and the free throw line, team fouls four times is canceled the competition and foul free throw by any one member appointed captain takes the kick. Time into the game, the second half for 20 minutes, break of 10 minutes. Penalty in each cast or after the jump ball in the circle, re-start the race. The level of the Chinese basketball has improved greatly since 1926.