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Question

These findings suggested to us that the process of photodamage might not depend on the rate of electron transport.
We also examined the effects of the synthesis of ATP on photodamage in Synechocystis by monitoring such damage in the presence of lincomycin [44]. We found that the rate of photodamage, which was proportional to light intensity, was
unaffected by the inhibition of ATP synthesis by N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
(DCCD) or by a combination of nigericin and valinomycin (Nig/Val). All these findings suggested that the process of photodamage depended neither on the rate of electron
transport nor on the intracellular level of ATP [44].
Several approaches have been used in attempts to characterize
the roles of electron transport and the synthesis of ATP in the
synthesis of the D1 protein. However, the results have been
controversial. Mattoo et al. [45] suggested that both electron
transport and the synthesis of ATP are important for the
synthesis of D1 in Spirodela oligorrhiza. In Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii, Trebitsh and Danon [46] showed that the redox
signal associated with electron transport in PSI, as well as
reduction of the plastoquinone pool, activated the initiation of
translation of psbA transcripts. Studies in intact chloroplasts
from spinach showed that the level of stromal ATP was
correlated with the light-dependent synthesis of the D1 protein
in intact chloroplasts [47]. Furthermore, Kuroda et al. [48]
further demonstrated that electron transport via PSI was
essential for the light-dependent translational elongation of
the D1 protein. By contrast, Mühlbauer and Eichacker [49]
suggested that a proton gradient, formed as a result of electron
transport, might be important for the light-dependent translational
elongation of the D1 protein in intact chloroplasts from
barley. Thus, it seemed likely that electron transport and/or the
synthesis of ATP might be required for the light-induced
synthesis of the D1 protein. However, the direct effects of
electron transport and the synthesis of ATP on the repair of PSII
remained to be investigated.
We examined the effects of electron transport and the
synthesis of ATP on the initial rate of repair of PSII in Synechocystis
[44]. The rate of repair was diminished upon inhibition
of the synthesis of ATP regardless of the type of electron
transport involved, namely, that in PSI, which was accelerated
by PMS, and that in PSII, which was inhibited by DCMU. It is
likely that an adequate intracellular level of ATP is essential for
repair [44]. Mühlbauer and Eichacker [49] reported that the
stimulation by light of translational elongation depended on the
formation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane.
However, our observation that DCCD abolished the repair of
PSII suggested that it is the level of ATP, rather than a proton
gradient, that is essential for the repair of PSII.

Answer 1

这些发现建议我们，光损伤过程可能不依赖于电子传递速率。
我们还研究通过监测在林可霉素[44]在场的情况损害了ATP对合成藻光损伤的影响。我们发现，光损伤率，这对光照强度成正比，是
由ATP的合成氮，不受抑制的N - dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
（数字电荷耦合掐），或由nigericin和缬氨霉素（尼格/缬氨酸）的组合。这些研究结果表明，光损伤过程的依赖于电子速度既不
交通也没有根据ATP的[44]内的水平。
几种方法已被用于尝试表征
的电子传递作用及ATP的合成
D1蛋白的合成。然而，结果已经
争议。 Mattoo等。 [45]认为，这两个电子
运输及ATP合成的的重要
D1的合成紫oligorrhiza。在衣
藻，Trebitsh和Danon [46]表明，氧化还原
电子信号在PSI与运输，以及
减少的质体醌池，开始启动的
翻译psbA基因转录。在完整叶绿体的研究
从菠菜表明，三磷酸腺苷水平的基质
与相关的D1蛋白光依赖合成
在完整的叶绿体[47]。此外，黑田等。 [48]
进一步表明，通过PSI的电子输运
必不可少的光依赖翻译伸长
D1蛋白。相比之下，肯特和Eichacker [49]
建议，质子梯度，由于电子而形成
交通，可能是重要的光依赖翻译
伸长率在完整叶绿体从D1蛋白
大麦。因此，似乎有可能的电子传输和/或
ATP的合成可能是所需的光致
D1蛋白的合成。然而，直接影响
电子传递和ATP对PSII的修复合成
仍有待调查。
我们研究了电子传递的影响和
三磷酸腺苷合成的PSII的修复藻初始速率
[44]。报修率下降后，抑制
对ATP合成不论电子式
参与运输，即在PSI，这是加速
晤谈，并在私人秘书，这是由DCMU抑制。这是
可能是一个适当的细胞内的ATP水平是必不可少的
修复[44]。肯特和Eichacker [49]报道，
由平移延伸光刺激取决于
形成一条横跨类囊体膜质子梯度。
然而，我们的看法，即数字电荷耦合掐废除了修复
PSII的建议，它是ATP的水平，而不是一个质子
梯度，这是为了PSII的修复至关重要。
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