第1个回答 2017-10-14
一、助动词
助动词有be, have, do, will, shall。它们本身没有词义,只和实义动词的一定形式构成复合谓语,用来表示时态和语态,构成否定、疑问及加强语气等。
1、be (am, is, are, were, been)
(l)“be + -ing”构成进行时态; (2)“be + 过去分词”构成被动语态; (3)“be + 动词不定式”构成复合谓语:
①表按计划安排要发生的事。The prime minister is to visit Japan next year.总理将于明年访问日本。 ②用于命令。You're to do your homework before you watch TV.你得做完了作业才能看电视。
2、have (has, had)
(1)“have+过去分词”构成完成时态。如:Have you seen the film ?
(2)“have been + -ing”构成完成进行时态。如:What have you been doing these days? 这些日子你一直在干什么?
3、do (does, did)
(1)“do not + 动词原形”构成行为动词的否定式。如:His brother doesn’t like playing basket.; (2)“Do + 主语 + 动词原形”构成行为动词的一般疑问句。Does he go to school by bike every day? (3)“do + 动词原形”用于祈使句或陈述句中表示加强语气。如:I did go to see him, but he wasn’t in我确实去看望他了,但他不在家。Do do some work. 请一定做点什么;
(4)代替前面刚出现的动词以避免重复。My mother told me to go to bed early. So I did.
4、will, shall (would, should)
“will (shall+动词原形)”构成一般将来时,一般来说,shall用于第一人称,will用于第二人
称或第三人称,口语中常用will代替shll,如:We will have a meeting to discuss the problem.
二、情态动词
情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,可以表示“可能”、“可以”、“需要”、“必须”或“应当”等之意。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。但不能单独作谓语动词用,必须在其后面接动词原形构成谓语动词。只有情态动词ought要和带to的动词不定式连用,在句中作谓语用。 将情态动词置于主语之前即构成其疑问式,在情态动词之后加not既构成其否定式。现将各情态动词的基本用法分述如下:
1、can和could (could为can的过去式) 的基本用法
(1)表示能力,如:He can speak English better than you.
(2)在疑问句和否定句中表示“怀疑”、“猜测”或“可能性”,如:Can this green bike be Liu Dong's? (3)表示“许可”时can可以和may换用,如:You can (may) go home now.
(4)如果要表示语气婉转,可用could代替can,这时could不再是can的过去式,如:Could you come again tomorrow?
(5)can和be able to都可表示能力,两者在意思上没有什么区别。但是can只能有现在式和过去式,而be able to则有更多的形式,如:He will be able to do the work better.
2、may和might (might为may的过去式)的基本用法
(1)表示允许或征询对方许可,有“可以”之意,
如:You may use my dictionary. 在回答对方说“可以做某事”或“不可以做某事”时,一般多不用may或 may not,以避免语气生硬或不容气。而用比较婉转的说法进行回答。如:---- May I use this dictionary? ---- Yes, please. 或 ---- Certainly. 在请求对方许可时,如果Might I„? 就比用May I„? 语气更婉转些,如:May I have a look at your new computer? 但是表示“阻止”或“禁止”对方做某事时,要用must not代替may not,如:---- May we swim in this lake? ---- No, you mustn’t. It’s too dangerous.
(2)may或 might都可以表示可能性,表示“或许”、“可能”之意,如果用might表示可能性,则语气更加不肯定,如:They may (might) be in the library now .
3、must的基本用法
(1)must表示“必须”、“应该”之意,其否定式 must not,缩写形式为 mustn't,表示“不应该”,“不准”、“不许可”或“禁止”之意,如:We must study hard and make progress every day. You mustn't touch the fire.
(2)对以must提出的疑问句,如作否定回答时,要用needn't或用don't (doesn't) have to (不 必)来回答,而不用mustn't,因为mustn't表示的是“禁止”或“不许可”之意,如:---- Must we finish the work tomorrow? ---- No, you needn't (don't have to), but you must finish it in three days. (3)在肯定句中must可以表示推测,表示“一定”或“必定”之意,如:---- Whose new bike can it be? ---- It must be Liu Dong's. I know his father has just bought him a new one.
4、can, could, may, must后接完成式的用法
(1)can, could后接完成式的用法:
①在否定句或疑问句中表示对过去发生过的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”的态度,Could he have said so?
②在肯定句中,可以表示过去可能做到而实际并没做到的事情,有“劝告”或“责备”的语气。如:---- When did you answer her letter? ---- Only yesterday. ---- It's too late. You could have answered it earlier, I am sure.
(2)may, might后接完成式的用法
①表示对过去某事的推测,认为某一件事情在过去可能发生了。如果使用might,语气就比较婉转或更加不肯定,如:Mary might have learned some Chinese before.
②可以表示过去本来可以做到而实 际没有做到的事情,有“劝告”或“责备”的语气,如:You didn't do the work well that day. You might have done it better.
情态动词动词比较多,就不一一例举了。本回答被提问者采纳