第1个回答 2010-08-23
出师表 先帝创业未半而中道崩殂；今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。然侍卫之臣不懈于内；忠志之士忘身于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气；不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。 宫中府中，俱为一体；陟罚臧否，不宜异同：若有作*犯科及为忠善者，宜付有司论其刑赏，以昭陛下平明之理；不宜偏私，使内外异法也。侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费依、董允等，此皆良实，志虑忠纯，是以先帝简拔以遗陛下。愚以为宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必得裨补阙漏，有所广益。将军向宠，性行淑均，晓畅军事，试用于昔日，先帝称之曰“能”，是以众议举宠为督。愚以为营中之事，悉以咨之，必能使行阵和睦，优劣得所。亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也；亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。先帝在时，每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也。侍中、尚书、长史、参军，此悉贞亮死节之臣也，愿陛下亲之、信之，则汉室之隆，可计日而待也。 臣本布衣，躬耕南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间，尔来二十有一年矣。先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。受命以来，夙夜忧叹，恐付托不效，以伤先帝之明；故五月渡泸，深入不毛。今南方已定，甲兵已足，当奖帅三军，北定中原，庶竭驽钝，攘除*凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都。此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。至于斟酌损益，进尽忠言，则攸之、依、允等之任也。 愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵。若无兴德之言，则责攸之、依、允等之慢，以彰其咎。陛下亦宜自谋，以谘诹善道，察纳雅言，深追先帝遗诏。臣不胜受恩感激！ 今当远离，临表涕零，不知所言。 出师表----
英文版 The First Ruler had accomplished but half his great task at his death. At this moment the empire is in three parts, and our country is weak; it is a most critical moment for us. Still, ministers are not remiss in the capital, and loyal and devoted soldiers sacrifice their lives abroad, for they still remember the special kindness of the First Ruler and wish to show their gratitude to him by service to Your Majesty. Therefore it would be indeed fitting that you should extend your holy virtue to glorify his virtuous memory in the stimulation of the will of your purposeful officers. Your Majesty should not lose yourself in the pursuit of mean things, quoting phrases to confound the eternal principles of rectitude, and so preventing remonstrance from honest people. One rule applies to the palace of the Emperor and the residence of a courtier; there must be one law rewarding the good and punishing the evil. Evil-doers and law-breakers, as also true and good people, should be dealt with according to their deserts by the officers concerned in order to manifest Your Majesty's impartial and enlightened administration. Partiality is wrong, as is one law for the court and another for the regions. The High Ministers Fei Yi, Guo Youzhi, and Dong Yun are honest men, devotedly anxious to be loyal to the last degree; wherefore His Late Majesty chose them in his testament. My advice is to consult them in all Palace matters, great or small, before taking action. Your Majesty will reap the enormous advantage of having any failings corrected. General Xiang Chong is a man of well-balanced temperament, versed in military matters, to whom, after testing him, the late Emperor applied the epithet 'capable'. The consensus of opinion is that Xiang Chong should be Grand Commander. My advice is to consult him in all military matters, great or small, whereby your military forces will yield their maximum, each one being employed to the best advantage. Attract worthy people; repel mean ones. This policy achieved the glory of the Former Hans, while its reversal ruined the Latter Hans. When the late Emperor was with us, he often discussed this with your servant, and he took much to heart the story of Emperors Huan and Ling. The Chair of the Secretariat Chen Zhen, Commander Zhang Si, and Minister Jiang Wan are both incorruptible and enlightened people, honest to the death. I wish that Your Majesty should have them near and hold them in confidence. If this be done, then the glory of the House of Han will be quickly consummated. I was originally a private person, a farmer in Nanyang, concerned only to secure personal safety in a troubled age and not seeking conversation with the contending nobles. His Late Majesty, the First Ruler, overlooking the commonness of my origin, condescended to seek me thrice in my humble cot and consult me on the trend of events. His magnanimity affected me deeply, and I consented to do my utmost for him. Then came defeat, and I took office at a moment of darkest outlook and at a most difficult crisis. This is twenty-one years ago. The First Ruler recognized my diligent care, and when dying he confided the great task to me. From that day I have lived a life of anxiety lest I should fail in my trust and so dim his glory. That is why I undertook the expedition to the lands beyond the River Lu. Now the Southern Mangs has been quelled, and our army is in good condition. I ought to lead it against the north, where I may meet with a measure of success in the removal of the wicked ones, the restoration of Han, and a return to the old capital. This is my duty out of gratitude to the late Emperor and loyalty to Your Majesty. As to a discussion of the pros and cons and giving a true version of the whole matter, that belongs to Guo Youzhi and Fei Yi and Dong Yun. I desire Your Majesty to confide to me the task of slaying the rebels and restoring the Hans. If I fail, then punish me by telling the spirit of the late Emperor. If you know not what restoration implies, that is the fault of your advisers. Your Majesty should take pains to be guided into the right path and examine carefully what is laid before you, carefully remembering the late Emperor's testament. I cannot express what would be my delight if you had the goodness to accept and act on my advice. Now I am about to depart on a distant expedition, I write this with tears and clearly know what I have said.
第2个回答 2010-08-23
Petition on Taking the Field
Permit your servant, Liang, to observe: the late sovereign was taken from us while his life's work, the restoration of the Han, remained unfinished. Today, in a divided empire, our third, the province of Yizhou, war-worn and under duress, faces a season of crisis that threatens our very survival. Despite this, the officials at court persevere in their tasks, and loyal-minded officers throughout the realm dedicate themselves to you because one and all they cherish the memory of the exceptional treatment they enjoyed from the late sovereign and wish to repay it in service to Your Majesty.
Truly this is a time to widen your sagely audience in order to enhance the late Emperor's glorious virtue and foster the morale fo your dedicated officers. It would be unworthy of your majesty to demean yourself by resorting to ill-chosen justifications that would block the avenues of loyal remonstrance.
The royal court and the ministerial administration constitute a single government. Both must be judged by one standard. Those who do evil and violate the codes, as well as those who are loyal and good, must receive their due from the proper authorities. This will make manifest Your Majesty's fair and enlightened governance. Let no unseemly bias lead to different rules for the court and the administration.
Privy Counselors and Imperial Attendants like Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, and Dong Yun are all solid, reliable men, loyal of purpose, pure in motive. The late Emperor selected them for office so that they would serve Your Majesty after his demise. In my own humble opinion, consulting these men on palace affairs great or small before action is taken will prevent errors and shortcomings and maximize advantages. Xiang Chong, a general of fine character and fair-minded conduct, profoundly versed in military matters proved himself in battle during the previous reign, and the late Emperor pronounced him capable. That is why the assembly has recommended him for overall command. In my humble opinion, General Xiang Chong should be consulted on all military matters large or small to ensure harmony in the ranks and judicious use of personal.
The Former Han thrived because its emperors stayed close to worthy vassals and far from conniving courtiers. The opposite policy led the Later Han to ruin. Whenever the late Emperor discussed this problem with me, he decried the failings of Emperors Huan and Ling. Privy Counselors Guo Youzhi and Fei Yi, Secretary Chen Zhen, Senior Advisor Zhang Yi, and Military Counselor Jiang Wan are all men of shining integrity and unshakable devotion. I beg Your Majesty to keep close to them and to trust them, for that will strengthen our hopes for the resurgence of the house of Han.
I began as a common man, toiling in my fields in Nanyang, doing what I could to keep body and soul together in an age of disorder and taking no interest in making a name for myself among the lords of the realm. Though it was beneath the dignity of the late Emperor to do so, he honored my thatched cottage to solicit my counsel on the events of the day. Grateful for his regard, I responded to his appeal and threw myself heart and soul into his service. Hard times followed for the cause of the late Emperor. I assumed my duties at a critical moment for our defeated army, accepting assignment in a period of direst danger. Now twenty-one years have passed. The late Emperor always appreciated my meticulous caution and, as the end neared, placed his great cause in my hands. Since that moment, I have tormented myself night and day lest I prove unworthy of his trust and thus discredit his judgment.
That is why I crossed the River Lu in the summer heat and penetrated the barren lands of the Man. Now, the south subdued, our arms sufficing, it behooves me to marshal our soldiers to conquer the northern heartland and do my humble best to remove the hateful traitors, restore the house of Han, and return it to the former capital. This is the way I mean to honor my debt to the late Emperor and fulfill my duty to Your Majesty.
As for weighing the advantages of internal policy and making loyal recommendations to Your Majesty, that is the responsibility of Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, and Dong Yun. My only advice is to obtain and execute your commission to chasten the traitors and restore the Han. Should I prove unfit, punish my offense and report it to the spirit of the late Emperor. If those three vassals fail to sustain Your Majesty's virtue, then their negligence should be publicized and censured.
Your Majesty, take counsel with yourself and consult widely on the right course. Examine and adopt sound opinions, and never forget the last edict fo the late Emperor. Overwhelmed with gratitude for the favor I have received from you, I now depart on a distant campaign. Blinded by my tears falling on this petition, I write I know not what.
第3个回答 2010-08-23
Your humble servant Liang begs to say:
Our late king passed away before the great undertaking founded
by him was half accomplicated.Now China is divided into three kingdoms.Yizhou is drained of its manpower and resources.This is a critical juncture of life or death for our country.Bearing the late king's special fovor in hearts,hte officials at court who guard Your Majesty dare
not slacken in their vigilance and the devoted officers and soldiers
at the front are fighting bravely disregarding their personal safety.
They are now repaying to Your Majesty what they have received form
the late king.It is advisable that Your Majesty should listen
extensively to the counsels of officals in order to carry on the late
king's lofty virtues,and heighten the morale of people with high aspiration.It is injudicious that Your Majesty should unduly humble yourself,and use metaphors with distorted meanings,lest you should block the way of sincere admonition.The imperial court and the Prime Ministe's
Office are an integral whole.There should be impartiality in meting
out rewards and punishments to officals from either administration.For both those who are treacherous and violate the law and those who
are loyal and do some good deed,the same legally appointed
officials should pass dicision on how to punish or reward. This will make plain the
equality and sagaciousness of Your Majesty's rule.There should be neither prejudice nor
partiality in Your Majesty's attitude towardes the officials inside and outside the court
for fear that different laws be put into practice.
Shizhong GouYouzhi and Fei Wei as well as Shilang Dond Yun are kind and honest men
with a strond sense of loyalty.The late king appointed them of your sake,and I respectfully
opine that all political affairs at court,regardless of magnitude,be first subjicted to
their inquiry before actions are taken.In this way can errors be amended,negligence
avoided,and greater results attained.
General Xiang Chong is well versed in military affairs and is kind and just by
nature.After evaluatiing his performance of a trial basis,the late king priased his talent
ability.That is why officials have elected him to be commander-in-chief.I humbly suggest
that military concerns,regardless of weight,be first met with his consideration.In this way
will there be harmony among the troops,and men both capable and icapbale will each find his
proper place in the camp.To be close to the virtuous and able officials and keep away from the vile and mean persons.That was the reason that the Wwstern Han Dynasty was
prosperous.To be close to the vile and mean persons and keep away form the virtuous and
able officials.That was the reason that the East Han Dynasty was collapsed.When the late
king was alive and talked with me about these historical lessons,he used to hame a sigh in
edtestation for Emperor Hun and Emeror Ling.
Shizhong,shilang,zhangshi and canjun are faithful,upright,and ready to lay down their
lves for honor and fidelity.As your humble servant,I hope that Your Majesty will retain
close ties to them and trust them.Then can the prosperity of the Han Dynasty be soon
realized.
I was originally a commoner who had to wear clothes made of hemp,and tilled land in
Nanyang.I merely managed to survive in times of turbulence and had no intention of seeking
fame and possition from princes.With and utter disregard of my low social status and meager
fund of knowlegde,the late king condescended to visit me at my thatched cottage three times
to consult me about the current events of the country.I felt so grateful that I promitted
to serve him.Soom afterwards since I received my assignment at the time of the setback and
was dispatched as an evvoy at the moment of crisis.The late king knew my prudence,and
entrusted me on his death bed with the duty of assisting Your Majesty in governing the
country.Since then I have been worrying and sighing night and day lest I should do harm to
the late king 's illustrious fame if I fail to be effective.I was thus umpelled to lead an
army across the Lu River in May and went deep into the barren district.Now the whole south
is under our rule and we have plenty of fighters and armaments.It is time to reward our
army men and lead them nothward to conquer the Central Plains.Although I am inferior in
ability like a worn out horse or a blunt knife,I would do my utmost to root out treacherous
evildoers,rejuvenate the Han Dynasty,and move the capital back to the old city.I owe this
to the late king and wish th demonstrate my loyalty to Your Majisty.
As for government affairs such as the augmentation or repeal of certain measures,or
the broadening of the way to receive exhortations,they are the duties of Gou Youzhi,Fei
Wei,and Dong Yun.
I hope Your Majesty would delegate to me the task of punishing the traitors and
rejuvenating the Han Dynasty,If I should fail to achieve this,please punish me as to
console the soul of the departed king.If Youzhi,Wei,and Yun fail to gather exhortations for
the fostering of virtues,they should be held responsible for their negligence.Your Majesty
should also make the most of your resources to solicit opinions on governing a countriy,to
judge judiciously and accept good advices,and always bear in mind the imperial edict issued
by the late king prior th his death.I this can be achieved,you will have my extreme
gratitude.
I will be journeying far,and my eyes ar full of tears in writing this memorial upon my
departure.I can hardly express what else I should say.本回答被提问者采纳