现在分词与过去分词的区别:
在英语中动词分词分为两种:现在分词和过去分词。它们在句子中担任的成分大致相同,即都可以用作定语、表语、状语、宾语补足语等等。它们的区别是:在一般情况下现在分词表示主动的意思(有时还有进行的意味);而过去分词则表示被动(有时带有完成的意思)。以下是现在分词和过去分词在几种情况下的比较和说明。
1.用作定语的分词
(1)前置定语:
the rising sun 正在上升的太阳(主动和进行)
the risen sun 升起了的太阳(完成,但不表被动)
falling leaves (正在飘落的)落叶 fallen leaves (已落在地上的)落叶
guiding principle 指导原则(principle发出guide动作)
guided missiles 导弹(missiles承受guide动作,即被引导)
developing countries (=countries that are developing)发展中国家
developed countries (=countries that are developed)发达国家
(2)后置定语:
Do you know the boys playing football over there?
=Do you know the boys who are playing football over there?
你认识正在那边踢足球的那些男生吗?
Football is a good game played by boys in schools.
=Football is a good game that is played by boys in schools.
足球是在校男生从事的一项很好的球类活动。
比较:the boys playing football 正在踢足球的男生
a good game played by boys 男生从事的球类活动
We met a group of children returning from school.
=We met a group of children who were returning from school.
我们碰到一群从学校回来的孩子。
What are you going to do with the letters returned this morning?
=What are you going to do with the letters which were returned this morning?
你打算怎样处理今天上午退回来的那些信件呢?
比较:children returning from school 从学校回来的孩子
letters returned this morning 今天上午退回来的信件。
2.用作表语的分词
分词用作表语时,现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征;过去分词表示主语所处的状态或表现出的某种情绪。
The situation is quite encouraging.
形势十分令人鼓舞。
The villagers were greatly encouraged.
村民们受了极大的鼓舞。
The story was very moving and the children were deeply moved.
那故事非常动人,孩子们被深深地打动了。
The weather this summer has been disappointing.
今年夏天的天气一直令人不痛快。
He was disappointed to hear that they were not coming.
听说他们不来了,他感到很扫兴。
上述句子中的现在分词均表示主语所具有的特征(encouraging, disappointing和moving);过去分词则表示主语所处的状态或表现出的情绪(encouraged, moved和disappointed)。常用于这种情况的分词还有:
boring bored puzzling puzzled
tiring tired surprising surprised
amusing amused astonishing astonished
exciting excited frightening frightened
shocking shocked interesting interested
pleasing pleased discouraging discouraged
3.用作宾语补足语的分词
在由分词构成的复合结构中,作宾语补足语的现在分词表示宾语所发出的动作;而过去分词则表示宾语承受这一动作。
She saw the hunter killing the bear.
她看见那位猎人在猎杀那头熊。(hunter发出killing的动作)
She saw the hunter killed by the bear.
她看出那位猎人被熊咬死了。(hunter承受killed这一动作)
We heard the man singing a song in German.
我们听到那人用德语唱歌。(the man发出sing这个动作)
We heard the song sung in German.
我们有人用德语唱这首歌(the song承受sung这一动作)
4.分词用作状语
分词用作状语时,它表示的必须是句子主语的一个动作或所处的状语,即:现在分词表示句子主语所发出的动作或存在的状态;而过去分词则表示句子主语所承受的动作。
Seeing the teacher the boys ran away.
=When they saw the teacher, the boys ran away.
一见到老师,那些男生都跑开了。(seeing是句子的主语the boys所发出的动作)
Seen from the top of the hill, the town looks more beautiful.
=When it is seen from the top of the hill, the town looks more beautiful.
从山顶上看,这座城显得更漂亮了。(seen是句子的主语the town所承受的动作)
Having finished their work, they left the lab.
=After they had finished their work, they left the lab.
做完工作后他们离开了实验室。(Having finished是句子主语的they发生的动作)
Defended by an army of 6,000 men the city was difficult to take.
=As it was defended by an army of 6,000 men, the city was difficult to take.
有一支6000人的部队守卫,这座城市很难攻下来。(defended是句子主语the city所承受的动作)
分词的句法作用
现在分词与过去分词的区别
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