Chapter 1
名词 ( n. )
一、名词的种类
专有名词
个体名词 student, book, dog
可数名词
集体名词class, family, people
普通名词
物质名词air, water, rice
不可数名词
抽象名词work, love, time
二、名词的数
（一） 可数名词
复数形式
1、规则变化：
① 一般情况， ~s book — books
② s, x, ch, sh结尾， ~es bus — buses
③ “辅音+y ”结尾， y→ i, ~es city — cities
④ f, fe结尾， f, fe → v, ~es knife — knives
⑤ tomato, potato ~es
2、不规则变化：
man ― men woman ― women
foot ― feet tooth ― teeth
child ― children
sheep ― sheep deer ― deer
Chinese ― Chinese Japanese ― Japanese
passer-by ― passers-by （过路人）
new-comer ― new-comers（移民，新来的人）
girl student ― girl students
man writer ― men writers
woman teacher ― women teachers
3、只有复数形式：
clothes（衣服）, trousers（裤子）, thanks（谢谢）,
scissors（剪子）, goods（货物）
4、单、复数形式词义不同：
glass（玻璃） glasses（眼镜）
time（时间） times（次数）
work（工作） works（工厂，著作）
paper（纸） papers（文件，论文）
wood（木头） woods（森林）
5、姓氏+ s “一家人”
the Blacks, the Smiths
（二）不可数名词
milk, rice, bread, meat, money, water, tea, food,
time（时间），paper（纸），orange（桔汁），
fish（鱼肉），work（工作），wood（木头）
a cup of tea ― two cups of tea
三、名词所有格
1、单数名词 ~ ’s Lily’s cat the boy’s pen
2、不以s结尾的复数名词，~’s
men’s shoes Children’s Day
3、以s结尾的复数名词，~’
Teachers’ Day the boys’ pens
4、表示两者或两者以上所有，只有最后一个名词用所有格形式。
Tom and John’s friends
5、无生命体的名词， of +名词
the window of the room
6、双重所有格 of词组+ ’s
a friend of my father’s
Chapter 2
代词 ( pron. )
一、人称代词
主格 I you he she it we they （主语）
宾格 me you him her it us them （宾语）
I give him a book.
二、物主代词
形容词性 my your his her its our their +名词
名词性 mine yours his hers its ours theirs
This is my book.
This book is mine.
先选人称或物主，若是人称选主宾，
若是物主找名词，后有名词前形容。
三、 反身代词
myself —— ourselves
yourself —— yourselves
himself
herself themselves
itself
Help yourself to some fish.
They enjoyed themselves at the party.
四、指示代词
this（这个） that（那个）
these（这些） those（那些）
This is my room.
Those girls are singing.
such（这样的，如此的）
same（同样的）常与定冠词the连用
I don’t like such weather.
They look the same.
五、 疑问代词
who（谁，主格）/ whom（谁，宾格）
whose（谁的） what（什么）
which（哪一个）
Who is on duty today?
Who/Whom are you waiting for?
Whose book is this? Whose is this book?
Which pen is yours?
六、 不定代词
1) some —— 肯定句
any —— 否定句，疑问句
I have some books.
Do you have any books?
Would you like some tea?
（请求，建议，期待肯定回答）
*any 也可用于肯定句，和单数可数名词或不可
数名词连用，表示“任何的”。
He runs faster than any other student in his class.
2) many, a few（有几个）, few（几乎没有）+可数（复）
much, a little（有一点）, little（几乎没有）+不可数
There are many / a few / few cars in the street.
I have much / a little / little money.
3) no（没有）= not any + 名词
none （没有人或物）
There is no water in the glass.
= There isn’t any water in the glass.
None of us has been to Japan.
4) both（两者都） —— 复数
either（两者中的任何一个）
单数
neither（两者都不）
Both of them are right.
Either of them is right.
Neither of them likes it.
5) another （另一个）
other （其他的）
others （其他的人或物）
the other （两者中的另一个）
Would you like another cup of tea?
Where are the other students in your class?
He likes to help others.
He has two pens. One is red, the other is blue.
6) all（所有的）作名词，形容词 +可数n./不可数n.
each（各个）作名词，形容词
+ 可数n.单数
every（每个）作形容词
All of us like music.
( n. )
It’s good to see all my friends again.
( adj. )
Each of us has a dictionary.
( n. )
There are many trees on each side of the road. ( adj. )
Every student works very hard.
( adj. )
*every和each作形容词时，都表示“每个”。但every强调整体，而each强调个体。
Every student is here.（所有同学都在这儿。）
I give each student a book.（我给每个同学一本书。）
7) one / ones （指代前面出现过的人或物）
This room is bigger than that one.
I don’t like the red coats. Give the white ones.
8) 复合不定代词
some, any, no, every + -body, -thing, -one
( no one )
*只能作名词，用作单数。
Someone is waiting for you.
Nobody likes it.
* 修饰复合不定代词的形容词放在后。
There is something wrong with my watch.
Chapter 3
冠 词 (art.)
1、定义
a +辅音音素 a useful book
不定冠词 可数/单
an +元音音素 an hour
定冠词 the
2、用法
1）泛指一类人或物中的任何一个，用a / an；
特指某一个或某一些，用the
It’s a flag. The flag is red.
2） 乐器、序数词、形容词最高级、方位名词前
用the
play the piano， the first lesson,
the best season, in the east
3）表示世界上独一无二的名词前用the
the sun, the sky
4）由普通名词构成的专有名词前用the
the Great Wall, the United States
5）姓氏复数前用the，指一家人
the Greens
6） 国家、城市、人名等专有名词前不用冠词
China, London, Jim
7） 季节、年、月、日、星期、节日前不用冠词
in summer, on Monday, on Teachers’ Day
8） 语言、学科、球类、三餐前不用冠词
speak English, learn math,
play football, have lunch
9） 名词前已有this, that, my, some, no, every
等代词作定语时不用冠词
my book, this boy
10） 固定词组
have a rest, go for a walk
in the morning, on the left
on foot, by bus, on time
Chapter 4
数 词 ( num. )
一、 基数词
4,321--- four thousand three hundred and
twenty-one
* 如有具体数字，hundred, thousand, million
用单数。没有具体数字，用复数。
two hundred workers
hundreds of workers
二、 序数词
1. 一般情况， -th four – fourth
2. “y”结尾，y→ie, -th twenty – twentieth
3. 特殊 one – first two – second
three – third eight – eighth
nine – ninth
five – fifth twelve – twelfth
4. 两位以上的数，只在个位变序数词。
twenty-one – twenty-first
5. 缩写形式 first – 1st
tenth – 10th
fifty-second – 52nd
三、 用法
1、 时刻表示法
1:00 one (o’clock)
1:15 one fifteen / a quarter past one
1:30 one thirty / half past one
1:50 one fifty / ten to two
2、 日期表达式
1949年10月1日
October 1, 1949
< October (the) first nineteen forty-nine >
3、 分数
分子用基数词，分母用序数词。
1/5 one-fifth
1/2 a half
分子大于一，分母用复数形式。-s
2/5 two-fifths
3/4 three quarters
4、 小数 ( point )
3.5 three point five
5、 百分比 ( percent )
40% forty per cent
Chapter 5
形容词 (adj.) 副词( adv.)
1、定义
形容词 名词、代词 a good teacher
something important
副词 动词、形容词、副词 run fast
very good
very slowly
2、比较级和最高级
1）构成
规则变化
比较级 最高级
① 一般情况 - er - est
long – longer - longest
② e结尾 - r - st
late – later – latest
③ 辅音+y结尾 y i, – er y i, – est
easy – easier – easiest
④ 一辅重闭 双写 – er 双写 – est
hot – hotter – hottest
big—bigger--biggest
⑤ 多音节词和部分双音节加more ~ ，most ~
popular – more popular - most popular
不规则变化
good / well – better – best
bad / ill – worse – worst
many / much – more – most
little – less – least
far – farther (further) – farthest (furthest)
2）用法
① 两者比较，用比较级；三者或以上比较，
用最高级。
② 有 than, 用比较级；有 of all, in 用最高级。
③ 形容词最高级前用the。
④ 修饰比较级的词有much, even, a little，
a bit, a lot，far
much better, a little longer， even worse
3） 比较级 and比较级 （越来越……）
It gets warmer and warmer.
The city becomes more and more beautiful.
4) the + 比较级，the +比较级 （越……越……）
The more, the better.
5) as … as (和…一样…)
not as (so) … as (和…不一样…)
中间的形容词和副词用原级。
This pen is as good as that one.
This book is not as (so) interesting as that one.
6) very, too, quite, so +原级
very good, quite interesting
7) 倍数+比较级+than / 倍数+as…as
My book is three times thicker than yours.
This car runs twice as fast as that one.
词义辨析
alone “单独的；独自一人”
lonely“孤独的；寂寞的”
He lives alone, so he often feels lonely.
little, a little +不可数
few, a few+可数
否定
much too +形/副 much too cold
too much +名（不可数）too much water
too 肯定、疑问（句尾）I like it, too.
also肯定、疑问（句中）I also like it.
either 否定（句尾） I don’t like it, either.
hard “努力地”（形/副） He works hard.
hardly “几乎不”He hardly works.
so +形/副 The room is so big.
such +名词词组 It’s such a big room.
late“迟，晚”（形/副） I’m late. I get up late.
lately“最近”I have received several letters lately.
later“……之后”
Three years later, I moved to London.
sometime “某个时候”
sometimes “有时”
some time “一段时间”
some times “几次”
So (do) I.“……也是” He likes English, so do I.
Neither (do) I. You can’t swim, neither can he.
So I (do). “的确如此”
He likes English, so he does.
Chapter 6
介 词 ( prep.)
on – 星期，日期，节日，左/右
on Monday, on July 10，
on Christmas Day, on the left
on the morning of January 10th
in – 季节，年，月，国家，城市，方位，
早上，下午，晚上，颜色，衣服
in spring, in 1990, in London
in a hat
at – 几点钟
at 6:00
词义辨析
on --- 在……的表面上
There is book on the desk.
over --- 在……的正上方
There is a bridge over the river.
above --- 在……的上方，高于
The temperature is above zero.
between --- 在（两者）之间
He is sitting between his parents.
among --- 在（三者或以上）之间
There is a house among the trees.
except --- 除……之外（不包括）
Everyone is here except Jim.
besides --- 除……之外（还有）
Besides music, I like sports.
across --- （从表面）穿过
Go across the road.
through --- （从中间）穿过
The sunlight comes in through the
window.
固定搭配
look after, listen to, wait for, turn on
be interested in, in front of, be good at
help…with, with one’s help, spend…on…
Chapter 7
连词 ( conj. )
1、 并列连词
and（和）, or（或，否则）,
but（但是），so（所以）,
both…and…（既……又……） 复数
either…or…（不是……就是……）
neither…nor…（既不……也不……） 就近原则
not only…but also…（不但…而且…）
Both Jim and John are my friends.
Either you or he is right.
Neither Tom nor I am a teacher.
Not only the students but also the teacher likes
playing football.
2、 从属连词（引导从句）
引导宾语从句
that, whether /if（是否）
I know (that) he is at home.
I don’t know whether / if he will come.
引导时间状语从句
when（当……时）, while（在……的同时）,
before（在……之前）, after（在……之后）,
since（自从）as soon as（一……就……）
till / until （直到）
I’ll tell him as soon as he comes.
I didn’t leave until the rain stopped.
引导原因状语从句
because（因为）
He didn’t go to school because he was ill.
引导条件状语从句
if（如果）
I’ll stay at home if it rains tomorrow.
引导让步状语从句
though（虽然）
He went out though it was so cold.
引导目的状语从句
so that（以便）
Speak louder so that everyone can hear you.
引导结果状语从句
so…that…（如此……以致……）
It’s so hot that we don’t want to go out.
引导比较状语从句
as…as （……和……一样）
not so (as)…as
The work is not so easy as you think.
Chapter 8
动词 ( v. )
一、 动词的种类
1、 行为动词（实义动词）
表示动作和状态，能独立作谓语。
① 及物动词 + 宾语
We study English.
I read a newspaper.
② 不及物动词
He runs fast.
They come early.
We play football. （及物）
Don’t play in the street. （不及物）
2、 连系动词
不能独立作谓语，必须和表语连用。
be, feel, look, smell, sound, taste,
seem, get, turn, become, grow
He is a teacher.
You look tired.
The trees turn green.
It sounds good.
3、 助动词
没有词义，不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词
一起构成各种时态、语态，疑问句和否定句。
be, do, have, shall (should), will (would )
I am watching TV.
When did he get up?
He doesn’t like music.
4、 情态动词
不能独立作谓语，必须和动词原形连用。
can (could), may (might), shall (should),
will (would), must, need, have to
He can swim.
He must finish his homework.
Would you please join us?
二、 时态
1、 一般现在时
（经常做,或者有一定规律性。）
提示词：often, usually, sometimes, every day,
on Sundays
S + V
S（单三）+ V（单三）
I work every day.
He works ….
V.单三形式：
a) 一般情况，-- s get --- gets
b) s, x, ch, sh, o 结尾，-- es
do—does, go --- goes, watch ---watches
c) “辅音+y” 结尾，y i, --es fly --- flies
d) have --- has
助动词：be (am, is, are ), do, does
Do you work?
He doesn’t work.
2、 一般过去时
（过去做）
提示词： yesterday, last week, just now,
two days ago
S + V（过去式）
I worked yesterday.
V.过去式
a) 一般情况，-- ed look --- looked
b) e结尾，-- d live --- lived
c) “辅音+y”结尾，y i, --ed
study --- studied
d) 一辅重闭，双写词尾，-- ed
stop --- stopped
助动词：be ( was, were ), did
Did you work?
I wasn’t at home.
3、一般将来时
（将来做）
提示词：tomorrow, next week, soon, in two days
S + will + V
I will work tomorrow.
S + be going to + V
am is are
I am going to work ….
助动词：will, be ( am, is, are )
I won’t work.
Are you going to work?
* 主语为第一人称( I, we )的疑问句，用shall.
Shall we go to the party?
4、现在进行时
（正在做）
提示词：now, Look! Listen!
S + be + V-ing
am is are
I am working.
V-ing形式：
① 一般情况，- ing
② 不发音的e结尾，去e, - ing live -- living
③ 一辅重闭，双写，- ing get -- getting
助动词： be (am, is, are )
I’m not working.
Are you working?
* go, come, leave, arrive的现在进行时可以
表将来。
I’m coming soon.
He is going to London next week.
5、现在完成时
（过去 影响持续 现在）
提示词：since, for, ever, never, already,
yet, just,
S + have / has + V（过去分词）
I have worked here for ten years.
助动词：have, has
I haven’t been there.
Has he lived here since 1998?
6、过去将来时
（过去将要做）
S + would + V
S + be going to + V
was were
* 过去将来时一般用于宾语从句中。
He said he would come soon.
7、过去进行时
（过去正在做）
提示词： at this time yesterday,
at nine last night
S + be + V-ing
was were
I was working at ten last night.
8、过去完成时
（过去的过去）
提示词：by the end of last week
S + had + V（过去分词）
I had learned 2000 words by the end
of last term.
The train had left when we got to the
Station.
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