关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语 从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom,that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:
A prosperitywhich / thathad never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未 有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作主语)
The packagewhich / thatyou are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作宾语)
关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的'先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1)when, where, why
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例 如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2)that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从 句,在非正式文体中that常被省略(正式文体中不可省略),例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十 年前居住过的地方。
判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要 求用关系代词。例如:
(错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
(对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系 副词.先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,应选择关系代词;先行词在从句中作状语时,应选 择关系副词。
例如:(对)Is this the museum which you visited a few days ago?
(对)Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?
一、判断定语从句的三个条件
第一步,判断先行词
所谓定语从句,就是跟在一个名词、代词或名词性短语等后面并对其性质和特征进行解释说明的句子,可以简单理解为“名词、代词或名词性短语等后的性质从句”。定语从句修饰和限定的那个名词、代词或名词性短语等则称为先行词,位于定语从句的前面。先行词一般分为两种情况。一种是指人的先行词,一种是指物的先行词。
第二步,判断定语从句是否完整
首先判断从句的谓语动词是be动词、及物动词还是不及物动词。接下来,从句谓语动词如果是及物动词或be动词,则要看其前面是否有主语,后面是否有宾语或表语;如果是不及物动词,则只需看前面是否有主语即可。
第三步,判断关系词
1. 如果从句完整,则考虑用关系副词when/where/why,具体看先行词是表时间、地点还是原因而选择。
2. 如果从句不完整,则考虑用关系代词which/that/who/whom,指物用which/that,指人则用that/who/whom。
3. 如果从句结构上完整,且从句主语和先行词有所属关系,则用whose。
二、如何判断定语从句
定语从句有先行词,且先行词在从句中充当成分。
例如:She is the girl who is good at maths.她就是数学好的那个女孩。有先行词 the girl ,先行词在从句who is good at maths中由who替代,作从句的主语。who被称为关系代词。
与之区别,同位语从句也有先行词,但从句是对先行词补充说明,先行词不在从句中作成分。
例如:We are discussing the question where she goes.where she goes是个同位语从句,解释说明the question,也就是说明具体是个什么问题。